{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T19:07:54Z","timestamp":1790881674458,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":202,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22-72-10117-\u041f"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22-72-10117-\u041f"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["22-72-10117-\u041f"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22-72-10117-\u041f"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03y2gwe85","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a powerful minimally invasive modality for cancer treatment. However, its efficacy as a monotherapy is often limited by oxygen dependence and limited light penetration. Combining PDT with systemic anticancer drug therapies offers a promising strategy to achieve synergistic effects and overcome resistance. Objective: This review aims to provide a systematic analysis of the mechanisms and clinical potential of combining PDT with chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, focusing on recent advancements and nanotechnology-based delivery systems. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was performed using PubMed and Scopus databases. The analysis focused on peer-reviewed studies published over the last 10 years addressing synergistic molecular pathways, co-delivery nanoplatforms, and clinical trial outcomes. Results: The combination of PDT with chemotherapy enhances drug accumulation via vascular photosensitization and can overcome multi-drug resistance. Integration with immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors and tumor vaccines, triggers immunogenic cell death (ICD), leading to systemic antitumor responses. Nanotechnology provides a versatile platform for the targeted co-delivery of photosensitizers and pharmacological agents, significantly reducing systemic toxicity. Conclusions: Combined PDT\u2013drug regimens demonstrate superior therapeutic efficacy compared to monotherapies. Future clinical translation requires the standardization of dosimetry and the development of multifunctional nanomedicines to enable personalized treatment protocols.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15090781","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T13:32:22Z","timestamp":1777469542000},"page":"781","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Photodynamic Therapy Combined with Anticancer Drug Therapy in the Treatment of Malignant Neoplasms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Igor","family":"Reshetov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Radiotherapy and Reconstructive Surgery, Levshin Institute of Cluster Oncology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Alyasova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Radiotherapy and Reconstructive Surgery, Levshin Institute of Cluster Oncology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Shpileva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Radiotherapy and Reconstructive Surgery, Levshin Institute of Cluster Oncology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pavel","family":"Karalkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Radiotherapy and Reconstructive Surgery, Levshin Institute of Cluster Oncology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5864-1172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kanamat","family":"Efendiev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Laser Micro-, Nano-, and Biotechnology, Institute of Engineering Physics for Biomedicine, National Research Nuclear University \u201cMEPhI\u201d, 115409 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Institute of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Kabardino-Balkarian State University, 360004 Nalchik, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daria","family":"Pominova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Laser Micro-, Nano-, and Biotechnology, Institute of Engineering Physics for Biomedicine, National Research Nuclear University \u201cMEPhI\u201d, 115409 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0507-2367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor","family":"Loschenov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Laser Micro-, Nano-, and Biotechnology, Institute of Engineering Physics for Biomedicine, National Research Nuclear University \u201cMEPhI\u201d, 115409 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8652-7003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dinara","family":"Ilyasova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Radiotherapy and Reconstructive Surgery, Levshin Institute of Cluster Oncology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yulia","family":"Agakina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Radiotherapy and Reconstructive Surgery, Levshin Institute of Cluster Oncology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aida","family":"Gilyadova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Radiotherapy and Reconstructive Surgery, Levshin Institute of Cluster Oncology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vadim","family":"Cheremisov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Radiotherapy and Reconstructive Surgery, Levshin Institute of Cluster Oncology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrey","family":"Stetsiuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Radiotherapy and Reconstructive Surgery, Levshin Institute of Cluster Oncology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alena","family":"Mamedova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Radiotherapy and Reconstructive Surgery, Levshin Institute of Cluster Oncology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arina","family":"Petrova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Radiotherapy and Reconstructive Surgery, Levshin Institute of Cluster Oncology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Polina","family":"Kozlova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Radiotherapy and Reconstructive Surgery, Levshin Institute of Cluster Oncology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Rostislavova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Radiotherapy and Reconstructive Surgery, Levshin Institute of Cluster Oncology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Sudarkina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Radiotherapy and Reconstructive Surgery, Levshin Institute of Cluster Oncology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, 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