{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T05:10:54Z","timestamp":1778562654826,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777680000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Biological Breeding-National Science and Technology Major Project","award":["2023ZD0405203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZD0405203"]}]},{"name":"the Biological Breeding-National Science and Technology Major Project","award":["2023ZD0407106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZD0407106"]}]},{"name":"Hubei Fund for Seed Industry High-Quality Development Project","award":["HBZY2023B007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HBZY2023B007"]}]},{"name":"the Major Program of Hubei Province","award":["2023BBA029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023BBA029"]}]},{"name":"the Earmarked Fund for Hubei Agriculture Research System","award":["2025HBSTX4-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025HBSTX4-04"]}]},{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2018YFE128100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFE128100"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Heat stress is a major systemic challenge in poultry, but the role of circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) in liver-directed adaptation remains unclear. This study investigated whether plasma-derived EVs from heat-stressed chickens (HS_EV) mediate hepatoprotective responses under thermal stress. EVs were isolated from the plasma of control and heat-stressed chickens and characterized by morphology, size distribution, and marker expression. Their biodistribution in vivo and uptake by primary hepatocytes in vitro were also evaluated. Hepatocyte injury was induced by heat exposure, and the effects of HS_EV on proliferation, apoptosis, inflammatory cytokine production, transcriptomic reprogramming, and MYD88\/NF-\u03baB\/MAPK signaling were assessed. Heat stress induced systemic injury in chickens, increased the release of plasma-derived EVs, and promoted their preferential accumulation in the liver. Whole-transcriptome analysis further showed that HS_EV enhanced glutathione metabolism and related metabolic pathways while suppressing apoptosis- and inflammation-related signaling. In primary hepatocytes, HS_EV, but not control EVs, restored proliferative capacity, reduced apoptosis, suppressed the expression and secretion of IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, and TNF-\u03b1 under heat stress, and was associated with attenuation of the MYD88\/NF-\u03baB\/MAPK axis. These findings suggest that circulating EVs participate in adaptive intercellular communication during heat stress and identify HS_EV as a potential endogenous mediator of hepatoprotection in chickens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15090836","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T02:06:21Z","timestamp":1777860381000},"page":"836","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Heat Stress-Derived Plasma Extracellular Vesicles Protect Hepatocytes in Chickens by Suppressing MYD88\/NF-\u03baB\/MAPK Signaling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5206-1214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zi","family":"Mei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6036-0111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haobo","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chaoyang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kunyuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4487-2682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zheya","family":"Sheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8308-3005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanzhang","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.103141","article-title":"Heat Stress and Poultry Production: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"102","author":"Oluwagbenga","year":"2023","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2024.103994","article-title":"Effects of Heat Stress on Growth Performance, Physiological Responses, and Carcass Traits in Broilers","volume":"127","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2022.103302","article-title":"Heat Stress in Poultry with Particular Reference to the Role of Probiotics in Its Amelioration: An Updated Review","volume":"108","author":"Salem","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wasti, S., Sah, N., and Mishra, B. (2020). Impact of Heat Stress on Poultry Health and Performances, and Potential Mitigation Strategies. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10081266"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2019.07.025","article-title":"Heat Stress Management in Poultry Farms: A Comprehensive Overview","volume":"84","author":"Saeed","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advnut.2025.100504","article-title":"Perspective: Food Environment, Climate Change, Inflammation, Diet, and Health","volume":"16","author":"Holmberg","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, C., Gao, X., Cao, X., Tian, G., Huang, C., Guo, L., Zhao, Y., Hu, G., Liu, P., and Guo, X. (2022). Gut Microbiota and Serum Metabolite Potential Interactions in Growing Layer Hens Exposed to High-Ambient Temperature. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.877975"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-021-02083-3","article-title":"Impacts of Heat Stress on Immune Responses and Oxidative Stress in Farm Animals and Nutritional Strategies for Amelioration","volume":"65","author":"Chauhan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siddiqui, S.H., Khan, M., Kang, D., Choi, H.W., and Shim, K. (2022). Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review of the Thermal Stress Response: Gallus Gallus Domesticus Show Low Immune Responses During Heat Stress. Front. Physiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.809648"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Zhang, J., Li, H., Liu, W., Xi, Y., and Liu, X. (2022). A Comprehensive Comparison of Different Selenium Supplements: Mitigation of Heat Stress and Exercise Fatigue-Induced Liver Injury. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.917349"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-022-04273-w","article-title":"The Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Strategies of Heat Stroke-Induced Liver Injury","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.119094","article-title":"Heat Precondition Is a Potential Strategy to Combat Hepatic Injury Triggered by Severe Heat Stress","volume":"269","author":"Gupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-025-03775-x","article-title":"Heat Stroke and the Liver: Mechanisms of Injury and Therapeutic Strategies","volume":"31","author":"Dou","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.05.019","article-title":"Effects of Acute Heat Stress at Different Ambient Temperature on Hepatic Redox Status in Broilers","volume":"99","author":"Miao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2022.102063","article-title":"Chronic Heat Stress Causes Liver Damage via Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Induced Apoptosis in Broilers","volume":"101","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2022.102167","article-title":"Hepatic Transcriptome Profiling According to Growth Rate Reveals Acclimation in Metabolic Regulatory Mechanisms to Cyclic Heat Stress in Broiler Chickens","volume":"101","author":"Lim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12520","article-title":"Understanding Exosomes: Part 1-Characterization, Quantification and Isolation Techniques","volume":"94","author":"Miron","year":"2024","journal-title":"Periodontol. 2000"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19598","DOI":"10.1039\/D1RA01576A","article-title":"A Perspective on the Isolation and Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles from Different Biofluids","volume":"11","author":"Bano","year":"2021","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2100646","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.202100646","article-title":"Exosomes: Biogenesis, Targeting, Characterization and Their Potential as \u201cPlug & Play\u201d Vaccine Platforms","volume":"17","author":"Dyball","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-021-00730-1","article-title":"The Exosome Journey: From Biogenesis to Uptake and Intracellular Signalling","volume":"19","author":"Gurung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17802","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c08774","article-title":"Exosomes\u2500Nature\u2019s Lipid Nanoparticles, a Rising Star in Drug Delivery and Diagnostics","volume":"16","author":"Tenchov","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S291956","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review on Factors Influences Biogenesis, Functions, Therapeutic and Clinical Implications of Exosomes","volume":"16","author":"Gurunathan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.08.006","article-title":"Exosomes as Mediators of Intercellular Crosstalk in Metabolism","volume":"33","author":"Isaac","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mosquera-Heredia, M.I., Morales, L.C., Vidal, O.M., Barcel\u00f3, E., Silvera-Redondo, C., V\u00e9lez, J.I., and Garavito-Galofre, P. (2021). Exosomes: Potential Disease Biomarkers and New Therapeutic Targets. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9081061"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sur, S., Khatun, M., Steele, R., Isbell, T.S., Ray, R., and Ray, R.B. (2021). Exosomes from COVID-19 Patients Carry Tenascin-C and Fibrinogen-\u0392 in Triggering Inflammatory Signals in Cells of Distant Organ. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.02.08.430369"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9912281","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9912281","article-title":"Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Compromising Cellular Resilience to Environmental Stressors","volume":"2021","author":"Alharbi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107776","article-title":"Inflammatory Signaling Pathways in Pancreatic \u0392-Cell: New Insights into Type 2 Diabetes Pathogenesis","volume":"216","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115338","article-title":"Toll-Like Receptor 4: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Multiple Human Diseases","volume":"166","author":"Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01757-9","article-title":"Nf-\u039ab in Biology and Targeted Therapy: New Insights and Translational Implications","volume":"9","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367694","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/367694","article-title":"Nf-\u039ab, Jnk, and Tlr Signaling Pathways in Hepatocarcinogenesis","volume":"2010","author":"Maeda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-00955-7","article-title":"Inflammation and Atherosclerosis: Signaling Pathways and Therapeutic Intervention","volume":"7","author":"Kong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.12703\/P6-97","article-title":"Myd88: A Central Player in Innate Immune Signaling","volume":"6","author":"Deguine","year":"2014","journal-title":"F1000Prime Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piras, V., and Selvarajoo, K. (2014). Beyond Myd88 and Trif Pathways in Toll-Like Receptor Signaling. Front. Immunol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00070"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0804448","article-title":"Toll-Like Receptor 2 Mediates Inflammatory Cytokine Induction but Not Sensitization for Liver Injury by Propioni-Bacterium Acnes","volume":"78","author":"Romics","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Y., Cai, H., Han, Y., and Yang, P. (2024). Mechanisms of Heat Stress on Neuroendocrine and Organ Damage and Nutritional Measures of Prevention and Treatment in Poultry. Biology, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology13110926"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Li, Y., Wang, R., Wang, S., Sun, B., Cao, D., Sun, Z., Lv, W., Ma, B., and Zhang, Y. (2025). Chronic Heat Stress Caused Lipid Metabolism Disorder and Tissue Injury in the Liver of Huso Dauricus via Oxidative-Stress-Mediated Ferroptosis. Antioxidants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14080926"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brugaletta, G., Teyssier, J.R., Rochell, S.J., Dridi, S., and Sirri, F. (2022). A Review of Heat Stress in Chickens. Part I: Insights into Physiology and Gut Health. Front. Physiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.934381"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023021","DOI":"10.2141\/jpsa.2023021","article-title":"Mechanisms Underlying the Effects of Heat Stress on Intestinal Integrity, Inflammation, and Microbiota in Chickens","volume":"60","author":"Kikusato","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2022.113454","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles Production and Proteomic Cargo Varies with Incubation Time and Temperature","volume":"422","author":"Rayamajhi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5051","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2023.tb00279.x","article-title":"Energetic Stress-Induced Metabolic Regulation by Extracellular Vesicles","volume":"13","author":"Crewe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e97","DOI":"10.1002\/jex2.97","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Protein Delivery to the Liver","volume":"2","author":"Ilahibaks","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tamasi, V., N\u00e9meth, K., and Csala, M. (2023). Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Liver Diseases. Life, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/life13051117"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4519","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v24.i40.4519","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles in Liver Disease and Beyond","volume":"24","author":"Cubero","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7404","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-022-03055-3","article-title":"Heat Shock-Induced Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Neural Stem Cells Confer Marked Neuroprotection against Oxidative Stress and Amyloid-\u0392-Caused Neurotoxicity","volume":"59","author":"Huber","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menjivar, N.G., Gad, A., Gebremedhn, S., Ghosh, S., and Tesfaye, D. (2023). Granulosa Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Mitigate the Detrimental Impact of Thermal Stress on Bovine Oocytes and Embryos. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1142629"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reth.2024.09.016","article-title":"Promising Nanotherapeutics of Stem Cell Extracellular Vesicles in Liver Regeneration","volume":"26","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Regen. Ther."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, J., Zhang, D., and Li, Y. (2022). Extracellular Vesicles in Pathogenesis and Treatment of Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease. Front. Physiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.909518"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1080\/21691401.2024.2360008","article-title":"Role and Therapeutic Perspectives of Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Liver and Adipose Tissue in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease","volume":"52","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grossini, E., Pour, M.M.O., and Venkatesan, S. (2025). The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in the Pathogenesis of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease and Other Liver Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26115033"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, H., Wang, F., Wu, X., Yuan, S., Dong, H., Zhou, C., Feng, S., Zhao, Z., and Si, L. (2024). Chronic Heat Stress Induces Oxidative Stress and Induces Inflammatory Injury in Broiler Spleen via Tlrs\/Myd88\/Nf-\u039ab Signaling Pathway in Broilers. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci11070293"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.103242","article-title":"Resveratrol Alleviates Heat-Stress-Induced Impairment of the Jejunal Mucosa through Tlr4\/Mapk Signaling Pathway in Black-Boned Chicken","volume":"103","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.20517\/evcna.2025.08","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles: Emerging Therapeutic Agents for Liver Fibrosis","volume":"6","author":"Chiabotto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Extracell. Vesicles Circ. Nucl. Acids"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05282-9","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Therapy Openings New Translational Challenges in Immunomodulating Acute Liver Inflammation","volume":"22","author":"Sitbon","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-024-02169-y","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles Containing Gas6 Protect the Liver from Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Enhancing Macrophage Efferocytosis via Mertk-Erk-Cox2 Signaling","volume":"10","author":"Miao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, J., Luo, Y., and Gao, Y. (2024). Therapeutic Potential of Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Liver Injury. Biomedicines, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202408.2016.v1"}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/15\/9\/836\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T04:21:17Z","timestamp":1778559677000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/15\/9\/836"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["cells15090836"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells15090836","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]]}}}