{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:22:05Z","timestamp":1785410525243,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":247,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005888","name":"Medical University of Lodz","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["503\/1-064-01\/503-51-001-19-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["503\/1-064-01\/503-51-001-19-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005888","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["503\/1-064-01\/503-51-001-19-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["503\/1-064-01\/503-51-001-19-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02t4ekc95","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy represents a major advance in modern immunotherapy. This narrative review summarizes evidence from the past five years, including case reports, case series, and clinical trials, on its application beyond hematologic malignancies, focusing on autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis (SSc), as well as solid tumors including melanoma and primary cutaneous lymphomas. CD19-directed CAR T-cells have demonstrated clinical benefits in SLE and SSc, with sustained immune reset, reduced autoreactive antibody levels, and clinical improvement. In melanoma, CAR T-cells targeting GD2, cMET, and CD20 have shown in vivo expansion and tumor infiltration; however, clinical efficacy remains limited, with transient stabilization or disease progression in most patients. In primary cutaneous lymphomas, early-phase studies with anti-CD70 and anti-CCR4.30 CAR T-cells indicate partial tumor regression and disease stabilization, often requiring additional therapy. Key challenges include limited durability of immune reset due to persistent plasma cells in autoimmune disorders, tumor heterogeneity, antigen loss or overlap, infiltration barriers, resistance mechanisms, and T-cell depletion in solid tumors, collectively reducing response durability and safety. The main toxicities include grade 1\u20132 cytokine release syndrome and rare hematologic complications, while immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome is uncommon. Clinical translation remains limited and requires larger studies to improve efficacy and define safety profiles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15100874","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T06:42:18Z","timestamp":1779691338000},"page":"874","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Beyond Hematology\u2014Current Insights into Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-Cell Therapy for Skin and Connective Tissue Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4416-5893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agata","family":"Ciosek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Scientific Research Club of Experimental, Clinical and Procedural Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Pediatric Dermatology and Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6737-6055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Hofmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Scientific Research Club of Experimental, Clinical and Procedural Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Pediatric Dermatology and Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6523-328X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kacper","family":"Galant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5528-8046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Peter","family":"Marinkovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Epithelial Biology, Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94063, USA"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Palo Alto Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7909-457X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Wierzbowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, 93-513 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9709-3383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Ci\u0105\u017cy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Pediatric Dermatology and Dermatological Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Bie\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Pediatric Dermatology and Dermatological Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland"},{"name":"Laboratory of Autoinflammatory-Genetic and Rare Skin Disorders, Department of Dermatology, Pediatric Dermatology and Dermatological Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Narbutt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Pediatric Dermatology and Dermatological Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Lesiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Pediatric Dermatology and Dermatological Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland"},{"name":"Laboratory of Autoinflammatory-Genetic and Rare Skin Disorders, Department of Dermatology, Pediatric Dermatology and Dermatological Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-021-00459-7","article-title":"CAR T Cell Therapy: Current Limitations and Potential Strategies","volume":"11","author":"Sterner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopatnikova, J.A., and Sennikov, S.V. (2025). Bispecific Immunotherapy Based on Antibodies, T-Cell Receptors, and Aptamers: Mechanisms of Action, Adverse Effects, and Future Perspectives. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1679092"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.56875\/2589-0646.1048","article-title":"Chimeric Antigen Receptor Structure and Manufacturing of Clinical Grade CAR Engineered Cells Using Different Bioreactors","volume":"15","author":"Syed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hematol.\/Oncol. Stem Cell Ther."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtm.2018.12.009","article-title":"Engineering and Design of Chimeric Antigen Receptors","volume":"12","author":"Guedan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Ther.-Methods Clin. Dev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-021-04089-x","article-title":"Tuning the Ignition of CAR: Optimizing the Affinity of scFv to Improve CAR T Therapy","volume":"79","author":"Duan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e010208","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2024-010208","article-title":"Integrating Binding Affinity and Tonic Signaling Enables a Rational CAR Design for Augmented T Cell Function","volume":"12","author":"Barden","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e142030","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI142030","article-title":"Insight into Next-Generation CAR Therapeutics: Designing CAR T Cells to Improve Clinical Outcomes","volume":"131","author":"Roselli","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taheri, F.H., Hassani, M., Sharifzadeh, Z., Behdani, M., Abdoli, S., Sayadi, M., Bagherzadeh, K., Arashkia, A., and Abolhassani, M. (2024). Tuning Spacer Length Improves the Functionality of the Nanobody-Based VEGFR2 CAR T Cell. BMC Biotechnol., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12896-023-00827-0"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2023.09.004","article-title":"The Physical Landscape of CAR T Synapse","volume":"123","author":"Xiong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kong, Y., Li, J., Zhao, X., Wu, Y., and Chen, L. (2024). CAR T Cell Therapy: Developments, Challenges and Expanded Applications from Cancer to Autoimmunity. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1519671"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e75660","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.75660","article-title":"De Novo-Designed Transmembrane Domains Tune Engineered Receptor Functions","volume":"11","author":"Elazar","year":"2022","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2025.03.005","article-title":"From Concept to Cure: The Evolution of CAR T Cell Therapy","volume":"33","author":"Patel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, S.H., Choi, Y., Veena, M., Lee, J.K., and Shin, D.S. (2024). Advances in CAR T Cell Therapy: Antigen Selection, Modifications, and Current Trials for Solid Tumors. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1489827"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2009.02.009","article-title":"The Promise and Potential Pitfalls of Chimeric Antigen Receptors","volume":"21","author":"Sadelain","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V96.5.1999","article-title":"Chimeric Fv-\u03b6 or Fv-\u03b5 Receptors Are Not Sufficient to Induce Activation or Cytokine Production in Peripheral T Cells","volume":"96","author":"Brocker","year":"2000","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-017-0102-y","article-title":"Engineering CAR T Cells","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomark. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4597","article-title":"The Pharmacology of Second-Generation Chimeric Antigen Receptors","volume":"14","author":"Hamieh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.32607\/actanaturae.27728","article-title":"The Impact of the Intracellular Domains of Chimeric Antigenic Receptors on the Properties of CAR T-Cells","volume":"17","author":"Volkov","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Naturae"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomasik, J., Jasi\u0144ski, M., and Basak, G.W. (2022). Next Generations of CAR T Cells\u2014New Therapeutic Opportunities in Hematology?. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1034707"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2018.09.009","article-title":"In Vivo Fate and Activity of Second- versus Third-Generation CD19-Specific CAR T Cells in B Cell Non-Hodgkin\u2019s Lymphomas","volume":"26","author":"Ramos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1517\/14712598.2015.1046430","article-title":"TRUCKs: The Fourth Generation of CARs","volume":"15","author":"Chmielewski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-017-0444-9","article-title":"Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells: A Novel Therapy for Solid Tumors","volume":"10","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2018.10.009","article-title":"2B4 (CD244, SLAMF4) and CS1 (CD319, SLAMF7) in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Cancer","volume":"204","author":"Malaer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2019.12.047","article-title":"Current Challenges and Emerging Opportunities of CAR T Cell Therapies","volume":"319","author":"Abreu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2018.01.025","article-title":"A Guide to Manufacturing CAR T Cell Therapies","volume":"53","author":"Vormittag","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2114254","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2022.2114254","article-title":"Current Updates on Generations, Approvals, and Clinical Trials of CAR T-Cell Therapy","volume":"18","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.56875\/2589-0646.1025","article-title":"Emerging Role of Autologous CD19 CAR T-Cell Therapies in the Second-Line Setting for Large B-Cell Lymphoma: A Game Changer?","volume":"15","author":"Mohty","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hematol. Oncol. Stem Cell Ther."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kr\u00f6ger, N., Gribben, J., Chabannon, C., Yakoub-Agha, I., and Einsele, H. (2022). Genetic Engineering of Autologous or Allogeneic Immune Effector Cells. The EBMT\/EHA CAR-T Cell Handbook, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-94353-0"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2505478","article-title":"Universal Base-Edited CAR7 T Cells for T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia","volume":"394","author":"Chiesa","year":"2026","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lonez, C., and Breman, E. (2024). Allogeneic CAR-T Therapy Technologies: Has the Promise Been Met?. Cells, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13020146"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2022.05.003","article-title":"Leukapheresis Guidance and Best Practices for Optimal Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Manufacturing","volume":"24","author":"Qayed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16015","DOI":"10.1038\/mto.2016.15","article-title":"Clinical Manufacturing of CAR T Cells: Foundation of a Promising Therapy","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Ther.-Oncolytics"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20230903","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20230903","article-title":"CAR T Cell Manufacturing: Major Process Parameters and next-Generation Strategies","volume":"221","author":"Khericha","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtm.2016.12.006","article-title":"Global Manufacturing of CAR T Cell Therapy","volume":"4","author":"Levine","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Ther.-Methods Clin. Dev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2024.03.004","article-title":"Direct in Vivo CAR T Cell Engineering","volume":"45","author":"Short","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12773","article-title":"CAR T Cells for Brain Tumors: Lessons Learned and Road Ahead","volume":"290","author":"Akhavan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.19462","article-title":"CAR T Cells and T-Cell Therapies for Cancer: A Translational Science Review","volume":"332","author":"Brudno","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdalhadi, H.M., Chatham, W.W., and Alduraibi, F.K. (2024). CAR T-Cell Therapy for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Comprehensive Overview. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251910511"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2024-226429","article-title":"EULAR Recommendations for the Treatment of Systemic Sclerosis: 2023 Update","volume":"84","author":"Lescoat","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soltantoyeh, T., Akbari, B., Karimi, A., Mahmoodi Chalbatani, G., Ghahri-Saremi, N., Hadjati, J., Hamblin, M.R., and Mirzaei, H.R. (2021). Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T Cell Therapy for Metastatic Melanoma: Challenges and Road Ahead. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10061450"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-022-00855-8","article-title":"The Emerging Role of T Cells in Pemphigus Vulgaris: A Systematic Review","volume":"23","author":"Araghi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"To, V., Evtimov, V.J., Jenkin, G., Pupovac, A., Trounson, A.O., and Boyd, R.L. (2022). CAR T Cell Development for Cutaneous T Cell Lymphoma: Current Limitations and Potential Treatment Strategies. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.968395"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2308917","article-title":"CD19 CAR T-Cell Therapy in Autoimmune Disease\u2014A Case Series with Follow-Up","volume":"390","author":"Taubmann","year":"2024","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2023-eular.3736","article-title":"OP0141 Long Term Safety and Efficacy of Car T Cell Treatment in Refractory Systemic Lupus Erythematosus\u2014Data from the First Seven Patients","volume":"82","author":"Taubmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4835","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2023-186669","article-title":"CD19\/BCMA CAR T Cell Therapy for Refractory Systemic Lupus Erythematosus\u2014Safety and Preliminary Efficacy Data from a Phase I Clinical Study","volume":"142","author":"Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00424-0","article-title":"CAR T-Cell Therapy Rescues Adolescent with Rapidly Progressive Lupus Nephritis from Haemodialysis","volume":"403","author":"Krickau","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2024-225785","article-title":"BCMA-CD19 Compound CAR T Cells for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Phase 1 Open-Label Clinical Trial","volume":"83","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2024.09.024","article-title":"Disappearance of Antiphospholipid Antibodies after Anti-CD19 Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy of B-Cell Lymphoma in a Patient with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Antiphospholipid Syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Friedberg","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103229","article-title":"Safety and Clinical Efficacy of Relmacabtagene Autoleucel (Relma-Cel) for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Phase 1 Open-Label Clinical Trial","volume":"83","author":"Shu","year":"2025","journal-title":"eClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pecher, A.-C., Hensen, L., Schairer, R., Klein, R., Bethge, W., Lengerke, C., and Henes, J. (2025). CD19-Targeting CAR T Cell Therapy in Five Patients with Systemic Sclerosis Unsuitable for Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation. EULAR Rheumatol. Open, S3050708125000084.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ero.2025.03.005"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e83","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(24)00282-0","article-title":"CD19-Targeting CAR T-Cell Therapy in Patients with Diffuse Systemic Sclerosis: A Case Series","volume":"7","author":"Auth","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.06.027","article-title":"Allogeneic CD19-Targeted CAR T Therapy in Patients with Severe Myositis and Systemic Sclerosis","volume":"187","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(25)00159-6","article-title":"Persisting CD19.CAR T Cells in Combination with Nintedanib: Clinical Response in a Patient with Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Pulmonary Fibrosis after 2 Years","volume":"13","author":"Merkt","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2023-223952","article-title":"Treatment of a Patient with Severe Systemic Sclerosis (SSc) Using CD19-Targeted CAR T Cells","volume":"82","author":"Bergmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-024-03451-1","article-title":"Immunological Effects of CD19.CAR T Cell Therapy in Systemic Sclerosis: An Extended Case Study","volume":"26","author":"Claus","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e008659","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2023-008659","article-title":"Safety and Biological Outcomes Following a Phase 1 Trial of GD2-Specific CAR T Cells in Patients with GD2-Positive Metastatic Melanoma and Other Solid Cancers","volume":"12","author":"Gargett","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aleksandrova, K., Leise, J., Priesner, C., Aktas, M., Apel, M., Assenmacher, M., B\u00fcrger, I., Richter, A., Altefrohne, P., and Schubert, C. (2024). Automated Manufacturing and Characterization of Clinical Grade Autologous CD20 CAR T Cells for the Treatment of Patients with Stage III\/IV Melanoma. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1328368"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1158\/2767-9764.CRC-22-0486","article-title":"Phase I Trial of Autologous RNA-Electroporated cMET-Directed CAR T Cells Administered Intravenously in Patients with Melanoma and Breast Carcinoma","volume":"3","author":"Shah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e36298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e36298","article-title":"Targeting TAG-72 in Cutaneous T Cell Lymphoma","volume":"10","author":"Evtimov","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1080\/08820139.2025.2538049","article-title":"Engineering TAG-72 and CD30 CAR T Cells for T Cell Malignancies","volume":"54","author":"To","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3416","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2022008327","article-title":"Identifying Highly Active Anti-CCR4 CAR T Cells for the Treatment of T-Cell Lymphoma","volume":"7","author":"Watanabe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.11.001","article-title":"Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Diagnosis and Clinical Management","volume":"96","author":"Fava","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2550","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21955","article-title":"Mortality in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"54","author":"Bernatsky","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra071297","article-title":"Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"358","author":"Rahman","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419029","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/419029","article-title":"The Pathology of T Cells in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"2014","author":"Mak","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.975","article-title":"Loss-of-Function Variant in DNASE1L3 Causes a Familial Form of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"43","author":"Sunker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"e30330","article-title":"An Overview of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Pathogenesis, Classification, and Management","volume":"14","author":"Ameer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40396","article-title":"Review: Abnormal B Cell Development in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: What the Genetics Tell Us","volume":"70","author":"Karrar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.19","article-title":"Mechanisms of Central Tolerance for B Cells","volume":"17","author":"Nemazee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaminski, D.A., Wei, C., Qian, Y., Rosenberg, A.F., and Sanz, I. (2012). Advances in Human B Cell Phenotypic Profiling. Front. Immunol., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2012.00302"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2009.10.011","article-title":"The Role of B Cells in Lupus Pathogenesis","volume":"42","author":"Nashi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, X., and Su, S.-H. (2025). CAR T Cell Therapies in Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases: A Brief Report on the Clinical Trial Landscape, Current Status, and Future Perspectives. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1630569"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2024-226142","article-title":"CD19-CAR T-Cell Therapy Induces Deep Tissue Depletion of B Cells","volume":"84","author":"Tur","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347141","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/347141","article-title":"Roles of Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines in the Pathogenesis of SLE","volume":"2012","author":"Su","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2019-215089","article-title":"2019 Update of the EULAR Recommendations for the Management of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"78","author":"Fanouriakis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.01.055","article-title":"Optimizing Outcome in SLE: Treating-to-Target and Definition of Treatment Goals","volume":"13","author":"Doria","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2017.1269168","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)","volume":"16","author":"Ponticelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ker410","article-title":"Glucocorticoid Use and Abuse in SLE","volume":"51","author":"Danza","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Porta, S., Danza, A., Arias Saavedra, M., Carlomagno, A., Goizueta, M.C., Vivero, F., and Ruiz-Irastorza, G. (2020). Glucocorticoids in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Ten Questions and Some Issues. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9092709"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.12.001","article-title":"The Use of Glucocorticoids in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. After 60 Years Still More an Art than Science","volume":"12","author":"Luijten","year":"2013","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22035","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Nonbiologic Immunosuppressants in the Treatment of Nonrenal Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Systematic Review","volume":"65","author":"Rahman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2013.157","article-title":"Pragmatic Approaches to Therapy for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"10","author":"Xiong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e3283374e78","article-title":"Re-Evaluation of Biologic Therapies in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"22","author":"Bruce","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27233","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Rituximab in Moderately-to-Severely Active Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: The Randomized, Double-blind, Phase II\/III Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Evaluation of Rituximab Trial","volume":"62","author":"Merrill","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34359","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Rituximab in Patients with Active Proliferative Lupus Nephritis: The Lupus Nephritis Assessment with Rituximab Study","volume":"64","author":"Rovin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2368","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38037","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Ocrelizumab in Active Proliferative Lupus Nephritis: Results From a Randomized, Double-Blind, Phase III Study","volume":"65","author":"Mysler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2022-eular.2677","article-title":"AB0434 Efficacy and Safety of Obinutuzumab in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients with Secondary Non-Response to Rituximab","volume":"81","author":"Arnold","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-220920","article-title":"B-Cell Depletion with Obinutuzumab for the Treatment of Proliferative Lupus Nephritis: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"81","author":"Furie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.112682","article-title":"Understanding Heterogeneity of Human Bone Marrow Plasma Cell Maturation and Survival Pathways by Single-Cell Analyses","volume":"42","author":"Duan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2107725","article-title":"CD19-Targeted CAR T Cells in Refractory Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"385","author":"Mougiakakos","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2120","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-021-10251-6","article-title":"Treatment of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Using BCMA-CD19 Compound CAR","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev. Rep."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2124","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-02017-5","article-title":"Anti-CD19 CAR T Cell Therapy for Refractory Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"28","author":"Mackensen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e005776","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2025-005776","article-title":"New Horizons in Systemic Sclerosis Treatment: Advances and Emerging Therapies in 2025","volume":"11","year":"2025","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-025-07554-1","article-title":"CAR T Cells in Systemic Sclerosis","volume":"45","author":"Sakkas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-020-04515-6","article-title":"Is Biological Therapy in Systemic Sclerosis the Answer?","volume":"40","author":"Misra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beesley, C.F., Goldman, N.R., Taher, T.E., Denton, C.P., Abraham, D.J., Mageed, R.A., and Ong, V.H. (2023). Dysregulated B Cell Function and Disease Pathogenesis in Systemic Sclerosis. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.999008"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thoreau, B., Chaigne, B., and Mouthon, L. (2022). Role of B-Cell in the Pathogenesis of Systemic Sclerosis. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.933468"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-022-08946-w","article-title":"Systemic Sclerosis-Specific Antibodies: Novel and Classical Biomarkers","volume":"64","author":"Cavazzana","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allerg. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, I.S., Ferreira, B.H., and Almeida, C.R. (2023). Molecular Mechanisms Behind the Role of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells in Systemic Sclerosis. Biology, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12020285"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2086","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41798","article-title":"B Cell Depletion Inhibits Fibrosis via Suppression of Profibrotic Macrophage Differentiation in a Mouse Model of Systemic Sclerosis","volume":"73","author":"Numajiri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.16495","article-title":"Cytokine-producing B-cell Balance Associates with Skin Fibrosis in Patients with Systemic Sclerosis","volume":"49","author":"Horii","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaas9944","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aas9944","article-title":"BAFF Inhibition Attenuates Fibrosis in Scleroderma by Modulating the Regulatory and Effector B Cell Balance","volume":"4","author":"Matsushita","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3897","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-021-05698-4","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Rituximab Therapy in Patients with Systemic Sclerosis Disease (SSc): Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"40","author":"Moradzadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2018.01.020","article-title":"Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Systemic Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"24","author":"Shouval","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2024-eular.3334","article-title":"POS0030 Safety and Preliminary Efficacy of CD19 Car T Cell Treatment in Rheumatic Disease\u2014Data from the First Part of the Phase I\/II Castle Basket Study","volume":"83","author":"Schett","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_106","unstructured":"Bristol Myers Squibb (2026, May 06). Bristol Myers Squibb Presents Encouraging Data from Phase 1 Breakfree-1 Study of CD19 NEX-T CAR T-Cell Therapy in Three Chronic Autoimmune Diseases at ACR Convergence 2025. Bristol Myers Squibb News, Available online: https:\/\/news.bms.com\/news\/details\/2025\/Bristol-Myers-Squibb-Presents-Encouraging-Data-from-Phase-1-Breakfree-1-Study-of-CD19-NEX-T-CAR-T-Cell-Therapy-in-Three-Chronic-Autoimmune-Diseases-at-ACR-Convergence-2025\/."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopes, J., Rodrigues, C.M.P., Gaspar, M.M., and Reis, C.P. (2022). Melanoma Management: From Epidemiology to Treatment and Latest Advances. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14194652"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3972","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.116362","article-title":"Skin Cancer: Epidemiology, Screening and Clinical Features of Acral Lentiginous Melanoma (ALM), Melanoma In Situ (MIS), Nodular Melanoma (NM) and Superficial Spreading Melanoma (SSM)","volume":"16","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"591","article-title":"Vital Signs: Melanoma Incidence and Mortality Trends and Projections\u2014United States, 1982\u20132030","volume":"64","author":"Guy","year":"2015","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saginala, K., Barsouk, A., Aluru, J.S., Rawla, P., and Barsouk, A. (2021). Epidemiology of Melanoma. Med. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci9040063"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021161S","DOI":"10.5826\/dpc.11S1a161S","article-title":"Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Melanoma: A Review","volume":"11","author":"Conforti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dermatol. Pract. Concept."},{"key":"ref_112","first-page":"326","article-title":"Chemotherapy Resistance Mechanisms in Advanced Skin Cancer","volume":"11","author":"Kalal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01206-X","article-title":"Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Melanoma","volume":"398","author":"Carlino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1007\/s11912-019-0827-x","article-title":"The Role of BRAF-Targeted Therapy for Advanced Melanoma in the Immunotherapy Era","volume":"21","author":"Vanella","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2019.107419","article-title":"Clinical Investigation of CAR T Cells for Solid Tumors: Lessons Learned and Future Directions","volume":"205","author":"Bagley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2025.03.019","article-title":"CAR T Therapy in Solid Tumors","volume":"43","author":"Du","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6199","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2009.23.4799","article-title":"Final Version of 2009 AJCC Melanoma Staging and Classification","volume":"27","author":"Balch","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2017.08.029","article-title":"Lymphatic versus Hematogenous Melanoma Metastases: Support for Biological Heterogeneity without Clear Clinical Application","volume":"137","author":"Kasumova","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_119","unstructured":"Rosenberg, S.A., Somerville, R., Feldman, S.A., Restifo, N.P., Yang, J.C., Sherry, R., Kammula, U.S., Goff, S., and Klebanoff, C. (2026, May 06). Protocol: Phase I\/II Study of Anti-VEGFR2 CAR-T Cell Therapy in Metastatic Melanoma; ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01218867, Available online: https:\/\/cdn.clinicaltrials.gov\/large-docs\/67\/NCT01218867\/Prot_SAP_000.pdf."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45221-2","article-title":"CAR T Cell Therapy Targeting Surface Expression of TYRP1 to Treat Cutaneous and Rare Melanoma Subtypes","volume":"15","author":"Jilani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.8829.1","article-title":"An Overview of Cutaneous T Cell Lymphomas","volume":"5","author":"Bagherani","year":"2016","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.21922.1","article-title":"Recent Advances in Understanding and Managing Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphomas","volume":"9","author":"Brunner","year":"2020","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.21037\/cco.2018.11.03","article-title":"Update on Skin Directed Therapies in Mycosis Fungoides","volume":"8","author":"Lovgren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s11899-024-00746-7","article-title":"Advances in Novel Systemic Therapies for the Management of Cutaneous T Cell Lymphoma (CTCL)","volume":"20","author":"Case","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Hematol. Malig. Rep."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202049043","article-title":"CCR4 in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma: Therapeutic Targeting of a Pathogenic Driver","volume":"51","author":"Nicolay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3468","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2024-201799","article-title":"Phase 1 Trial of CD30-Directed, CCR4 Co-Expressing Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cells in Patients with CD30+ Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphomas Refractory to Brentuximab Vedotin","volume":"144","author":"Reef","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(24)00508-4","article-title":"Safety and Activity of CTX130, a CD70-Targeted Allogeneic CRISPR-Cas9-Engineered CAR T-Cell Therapy, in Patients with Relapsed or Refractory T-Cell Malignancies (COBALT-LYM): A Single-Arm, Open-Label, Phase 1, Dose-Escalation Study","volume":"26","author":"Iyer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1007\/s00108-025-01953-x","article-title":"CAR T-cell therapy of mature B-cell neoplasms-Current use and practical considerations","volume":"66","author":"Weber","year":"2025","journal-title":"Die Inn. Med."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dumont, M., Battistella, M., Ram-Wolff, C., Bagot, M., and de Masson, A. (2020). Diagnosis and Treatment of Primary Cutaneous B-Cell Lymphomas: State of the Art and Perspectives. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12061497"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Wu, J., Qiao, L., Chen, L., Chen, C., Zhang, H., Luo, R., and Xiao, Y. (2023). Case Report: Cryoablation as a Novel Bridging Strategy Prior to CAR T Cell Therapy for B Cell Malignancies with Bulky Disease. Front. Oncol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1008828"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-18-2743","article-title":"FDA Approval Summary: Axicabtagene Ciloleucel for Relapsed or Refractory Large B-Cell Lymphoma","volume":"25","author":"Bouchkouj","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_132","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2025, December 31). FDA Approves Tisagenlecleucel for Adults with Relapsed or Refractory Large B-Cell Lymphoma, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/vaccines-blood-biologics\/cellular-gene-therapy-products\/kymriah."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barbati, Z.R., and Charli-Joseph, Y. (2025). Unveiling Primary Cutaneous B-Cell Lymphomas: New Insights into Diagnosis and Treatment Strategies. Cancers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17071202"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2116133","article-title":"All ZUMA-7 Investigators and Contributing Kite Members. Axicabtagene Ciloleucel as Second-Line Therapy for Large B-Cell Lymphoma","volume":"386","author":"Locke","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2116596","article-title":"Second-Line Tisagenlecleucel or Standard Care in Aggressive B-Cell Lymphoma","volume":"386","author":"Bishop","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.htct.2024.05.005","article-title":"Cytokine Release Syndrome after Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Therapy in Patients with Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: A Systematic Review","volume":"46","author":"Zanini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hematol. Transfus. Cell Ther."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0041-7","article-title":"CAR T Cell\u2013Induced Cytokine Release Syndrome Is Mediated by Macrophages and Abated by IL-1 Blockade","volume":"24","author":"Giavridis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-024-00634-5","article-title":"Updates on CAR T Cell Therapy in Multiple Myeloma","volume":"12","author":"Nasiri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomark. Res."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-020-0419-z","article-title":"Translating IL-6 Biology into Effective Treatments","volume":"16","author":"Choy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8011","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2020.38.15_suppl.8011","article-title":"Prognostic Impact of Dose, Duration, and Timing of Corticosteroid Therapy in Patients with Large B-Cell Lymphoma Treated with Standard of Care Axicabtagene Ciloleucel (Axi-Cel)","volume":"38","author":"Strati","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2122","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2024015161","article-title":"Single-Cell Dynamics of Breakthrough Toxicities after Anakinra Prophylaxis for Axicabtagene Ciloleucel in Lymphoma","volume":"9","author":"Frigault","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2539","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-06-507947","article-title":"Ibrutinib Is an Irreversible Molecular Inhibitor of ITK Driving a Th1-Selective Pressure in T Lymphocytes","volume":"122","author":"Dubovsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2022.102479","article-title":"Toxicities Following CAR T Therapy for Hematological Malignancies","volume":"111","author":"Hernani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Rev."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-17-1319","article-title":"Clinical and Biological Correlates of Neurotoxicity Associated with CAR T-Cell Therapy in Patients with B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia","volume":"8","author":"Santomasso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-018-0075-2","article-title":"Management Guidelines for Paediatric Patients Receiving Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Therapy","volume":"16","author":"Mahadeo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3804","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-22-0822","article-title":"Comprehensive Serum Proteome Profiling of Cytokine Release Syndrome and Immune Effector Cell-Associated Neurotoxicity Syndrome Patients with B-Cell ALL Receiving CAR T19","volume":"28","author":"Diorio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_147","first-page":"1254","article-title":"Immune Effector Cell-Associated Hematotoxicity: Mechanisms, Clinical Manifestations, and Management Strategies","volume":"110","author":"Rejeski","year":"2025","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2023020578","article-title":"Immune Effector Cell\u2013Associated Hematotoxicity: EHA\/EBMT Consensus Grading and Best Practice Recommendations","volume":"142","author":"Rejeski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2499","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2020010543","article-title":"CAR-HEMATOTOX: A Model for CAR T-Cell\u2013Related Hematologic Toxicity in Relapsed\/Refractory Large B-Cell Lymphoma","volume":"138","author":"Rejeski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-10-881722","article-title":"GM-CSF Inhibition Reduces Cytokine Release Syndrome and Neuroinflammation but Enhances CAR T Cell Function in Xenografts","volume":"133","author":"Sterner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2023011767","article-title":"Applying the EHA\/EBMT Grading for ICAHT after CAR T: Comparative Incidence and Association with Infections and Mortality","volume":"8","author":"Rejeski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1038\/s41409-020-01027-6","article-title":"Kinetics of Humoral Deficiency in CART19-Treated Children and Young Adults with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia","volume":"56","author":"Faura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.08.022","article-title":"Single-Cell Analyses Identify Brain Mural Cells Expressing CD19 as Potential Off-Tumor Targets for CAR T Immunotherapies","volume":"183","author":"Parker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Qin, D., Shou, A.C., Liu, Y., Wang, Y., and Zhou, L. (2023). Exploring CAR T Cell Therapy Side Effects: Mechanisms and Management Strategies. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12196124"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa4971","article-title":"Neoantigens in Cancer Immunotherapy","volume":"348","author":"Schumacher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-022-00704-3","article-title":"Overcoming On-Target, off-Tumour Toxicity of CAR T Cell Therapy for Solid Tumours","volume":"20","author":"Flugel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2275457","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2023.2275457","article-title":"Building Safety into CAR T Therapy","volume":"19","author":"Peters","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1158\/2643-3230.BCD-21-0084","article-title":"Scalable Manufacturing of CAR T Cells for Cancer Immunotherapy","volume":"2","author":"Elsallab","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1706169","article-title":"Chimeric Antigen Receptor Therapy","volume":"379","author":"June","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-025-01349-4","article-title":"Roads and Detours for CAR T Cell Therapy in Autoimmune Diseases","volume":"25","author":"Avouac","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3149","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2024015346","article-title":"Immunological Consequences of CAR T-Cell Therapy: An Analysis of Infectious Complications and Immune Reconstitution","volume":"9","author":"Riedel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-025-01291-5","article-title":"In Vivo Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-T Cell Therapy","volume":"25","author":"Bot","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-025-01128-1","article-title":"Allogeneic Anti-CD19 CAR T Cells Induce Remission in Refractory Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"35","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-023-00754-1","article-title":"Long-Term Outcomes Following CAR T Cell Therapy: What We Know so Far","volume":"20","author":"Cappell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2154","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.8753","article-title":"CD19-Targeting CAR T Cells for Myositis and Interstitial Lung Disease Associated With Antisynthetase Syndrome","volume":"329","author":"Pecher","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000507","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2017-000507","article-title":"EULAR\/ACR Classification Criteria for Adult and Juvenile Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies and Their Major Subgroups: A Methodology Report","volume":"3","author":"Bottai","year":"2017","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Groener, M., and Paik, J.J. (2025). Emerging B and plasma cell-targeting immune therapies in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1581323"},{"key":"ref_168","first-page":"364","article-title":"An Update on Myositis Autoantibodies and Insights into Pathogenesis","volume":"43","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-025-07451-7","article-title":"CAR T Cell Therapy in Rheumatic Diseases: A Review Article","volume":"45","author":"Patil","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S.-Y., An, W.-H., Wang, Z.-S., Wang, W.-L., Zhang, B., Xu, K.-L., Guo, S.-L., Gao, M., Li, B., and Huang, L. (2024). Incidentally cured psoriasis in a patient with refractory\/relapsed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma receiving CD19 CAR T cell therapy: A case report. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1418768"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rendon, A., and Sch\u00e4kel, K. (2019). Psoriasis Pathogenesis and Treatment. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20061475"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petit, R.G., Cano, A., Ortiz, A., Espina, M., Prat, J., Mu\u00f1oz, M., Severino, P., Souto, E.B., Garc\u00eda, M.L., and Pujol, M. (2021). Psoriasis: From Pathogenesis to Pharmacological and Nano-Technological-Based Therapeutics. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094983"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malik, A.M., Tupchong, S., Huang, S., Are, A., Hsu, S., and Motaparthi, K. (2021). An Updated Review of Pemphigus Diseases. Medicina, 57.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57101080"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jormas.2024.101960","article-title":"Pemphigus Vulgaris and Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid: A Systematic Review of Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Treatment","volume":"125","author":"Morais","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Stomatol. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_175","first-page":"e6626","article-title":"CAR T cells in Dermatology: Mechanisms of action and applications in autoimmune diseases","volume":"63","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Inst. Mex. Seguro Soc."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e16679","article-title":"Targeting Therapy in Pemphigus: Where Are We Now and Where Are We Going?","volume":"9","author":"Abulikemu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf6756","article-title":"Reengineering Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells for Targeted Therapy of Autoimmune Disease","volume":"353","author":"Ellebrecht","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6317","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI138416","article-title":"Antigen-Specific B Cell Depletion for Precision Therapy of Mucosal Pemphigus Vulgaris","volume":"130","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-083122-044829","article-title":"B Cell\u2013Directed Therapy in Autoimmunity","volume":"42","author":"Abeles","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-025-09114-6","article-title":"Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Therapy in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Mechanisms, Clinical Advances, and Future Directions a Comprehensive Review","volume":"68","author":"Matarneh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2024.10.011","article-title":"CAR T Cells in Autoimmune Disease: On the Road to Remission","volume":"57","author":"Schett","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2509522","article-title":"In Vivo CD19 CAR T-Cell Therapy for Refractory Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"393","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sikorski, H., \u017bmijewski, M.A., and Piotrowska, A. (2025). Tumor Microenvironment in Melanoma\u2014Characteristic and Clinical Implications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26146778"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-025-01229-3","article-title":"Microenvironmental Regulation of Solid Tumour Resistance to CAR T Cell Therapy","volume":"26","author":"Lamplugh","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2025.08.009","article-title":"Overcoming Solid-Tumor Barriers: Armored CAR T Cell Therapy","volume":"11","author":"Kwon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000311","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2019-000311","article-title":"Increased Antitumor Efficacy of PD-1-Deficient Melanoma-Specific Human Lymphocytes","volume":"8","author":"Marotte","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-020-01546-6","article-title":"Genetic and Pharmacological Targeting of A2a Receptor Improves Function of Anti-Mesothelin CAR T Cells","volume":"39","author":"Masoumi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI89455","article-title":"Targeting the Adenosine 2A Receptor Enhances Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Efficacy","volume":"127","author":"Beavis","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-11-3050","article-title":"Local Delivery of Lnterleukin-12 Using T Cells Targeting VEGF Receptor-2 Eradicates Multiple Vascularized Tumors in Mice","volume":"18","author":"Chinnasamy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_190","unstructured":"U.S. National Library of Medicine (2026, March 04). Phase I Dose Escalation Study of Systemically Administered IL13Ra2 Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T Cells After a Nonmyeloablative Conditioning Regimen in Patients with Metastatic Melanoma and Other Solid Tumors, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT04119024."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mollica Poeta, V., Massara, M., Capucetti, A., and Bonecchi, R. (2019). Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors: New Targets for Cancer Immunotherapy. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00379"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3077","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-08-2281","article-title":"Chemokine Expression in Melanoma Metastases Associated with CD8+ T-Cell Recruitment","volume":"69","author":"Harlin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e978709","DOI":"10.4161\/2162402X.2014.978709","article-title":"Tumor Stroma and Chemokines Control T-Cell Migration into Melanoma Following Temozolomide Treatment","volume":"4","author":"Tan","year":"2015","journal-title":"OncoImmunology"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3833","article-title":"Heparanase Promotes Tumor Infiltration and Antitumor Activity of CAR-Redirected T Lymphocytes","volume":"21","author":"Caruana","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1159\/000217892","article-title":"Antigens and Antibodies in Malignant Melanoma","volume":"15","author":"Merimsky","year":"1994","journal-title":"Tumor Biol."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranon.2017.09.007","article-title":"Intratumor and Intertumor Heterogeneity in Melanoma","volume":"10","author":"Grzywa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kailayangiri, S., Altvater, B., Wiebel, M., Jamitzky, S., and Rossig, C. (2020). Overcoming Heterogeneity of Antigen Expression for Effective CAR T Cell Targeting of Cancers. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12051075"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-Melero, S., Hassouneh, F., Vallejo-Berm\u00fadez, I.M., Ag\u00fcera-Morales, E., Solana, R., and Caballero-Villarraso, J. (2025). Tandem CAR T Cell Therapy: Recent Advances and Current Challenges. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1546172"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-024-03315-3","article-title":"Current Challenges and Therapeutic Advances of CAR T Cell Therapy for Solid Tumors","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4401416","article-title":"Downregulation of Bcl-2, FLIP or IAPs (XIAP and Survivin) by siRNAs Sensitizes Resistant Melanoma Cells to Apo2L\/TRAIL-Induced Apoptosis","volume":"11","author":"Bae","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-023-05727-x","article-title":"Quantifying Requirements for Mitochondrial Apoptosis in CAR T Killing of Cancer Cells","volume":"14","author":"Pourzia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cgt.7700792","article-title":"Mechanisms of Resistance to TRAIL-Induced Apoptosis in Cancer","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-021-00407-4","article-title":"The Manipulation of Apoptosis for Cancer Therapy Using BH3-Mimetic Drugs","volume":"22","author":"Diepstraten","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ozyerli-Goknar, E., and Bagci-Onder, T. (2021). Epigenetic Deregulation of Apoptosis in Cancers. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13133210"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2014.1922","article-title":"TRAIL Combinations: The New \u2018Trail\u2019 for Cancer Therapy (Review)","volume":"7","author":"Refaat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2780","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2014.58.3377","article-title":"Talimogene Laherparepvec Improves Durable Response Rate in Patients With Advanced Melanoma","volume":"33","author":"Andtbacka","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2040","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-16-1577","article-title":"Armed Oncolytic Adenovirus\u2013Expressing PD-L1 Mini-Body Enhances Antitumor Effects of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells in Solid Tumors","volume":"77","author":"Tanoue","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guedan, S., and Alemany, R. (2018). CAR T Cells and Oncolytic Viruses: Joining Forces to Overcome the Solid Tumor Challenge. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02460"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3187","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17011-z","article-title":"Oncolytic Virus-Derived Type I Interferon Restricts CAR T Cell Therapy","volume":"11","author":"Evgin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5300","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-13-0143","article-title":"CTLA-4 and PD-1\/PD-L1 Blockade: New Immunotherapeutic Modalities with Durable Clinical Benefit in Melanoma Patients","volume":"19","author":"Ott","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2024.108763","article-title":"Combinational CAR T-Cell Therapy for Solid Tumors: Requisites, Rationales, and Trials","volume":"266","author":"Misawa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2019.09.006","article-title":"Combination Immunotherapy with CAR T Cells and Checkpoint Blockade for the Treatment of Solid Tumors","volume":"36","author":"Grosser","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szczygielski, O., D\u0105browska, E., Niemyjska, S., Przylipiak, A., and Zajkowska, M. (2024). Targeting Matrix Metalloproteinases and Their Inhibitors in Melanoma. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252413558"},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-022-01842-5","article-title":"Reprogramming the Tumor Microenvironment to Improve the Efficacy of Cancer Immunotherapies","volume":"39","author":"Faraj","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2024.2326626","article-title":"Tumor Associated Macrophages as Key Contributors and Targets in Current and Future Therapies for Melanoma","volume":"20","author":"Habib","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4443","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-19-0148","article-title":"Single-Cell Lymphocyte Heterogeneity in Advanced Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma Skin Tumors","volume":"25","author":"Gaydosik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-019-0813-7","article-title":"Multi-Antigen-Targeted Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells for Cancer Therapy","volume":"12","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scarf\u00f2, I., Frigault, M.J., and Maus, M.V. (2019). CAR-Based Approaches to Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma. Front. Oncol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.00259"},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2021.1855143","article-title":"CAR T Cell Therapy and Infection: A Review","volume":"19","author":"Haeusler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti-Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2830","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2022.282220","article-title":"KIR3DL2 May Represent a Novel Therapeutic Target in Aggressive Systemic Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma","volume":"108","author":"Decroos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3330","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-09-598995","article-title":"KIR3DL2 Is a Coinhibitory Receptor on S\u00e9zary Syndrome Malignant T Cells That Promotes Resistance to Activation-Induced Cell Death","volume":"124","author":"Thonnart","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03326-7","article-title":"TRBC1-CAR T Cell Therapy in Peripheral T Cell Lymphoma: A Phase 1\/2 Trial","volume":"31","author":"Cwynarski","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4444","article-title":"Targeting the T Cell Receptor \u03b2-Chain Constant Region for Immunotherapy of T Cell Malignancies","volume":"23","author":"Maciocia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, A., Tong, X., Xu, N., Zhang, T., Zhou, F., and Zhu, H. (2023). CAR T-Cell Immunotherapy Treating T-ALL: Challenges and Opportunities. Vaccines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11010165"},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2023.05.017","article-title":"Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells in Hodgkin and T-Cell Lymphomas","volume":"37","author":"Muhsen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hematol.\/Oncol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breman, E., Demoulin, B., Agaugu\u00e9, S., Mau\u00ebn, S., Michaux, A., Springuel, L., Houssa, J., Huberty, F., Jacques-Hespel, C., and Marchand, C. (2018). Overcoming Target Driven Fratricide for T Cell Therapy. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02940"},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/s40164-024-00584-6","article-title":"Chimeric Antigen Receptor-T Cell Therapy for T Cell-Derived Hematological Malignancies","volume":"13","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-023-01948-3","article-title":"Inserting EF1\u03b1-Driven CD7-Specific CAR at CD7 Locus Reduces Fratricide and Enhances Tumor Rejection","volume":"37","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-021-02595-0","article-title":"CAR T Cell Therapy in T-Cell Malignancies: Is Success a Low-Hanging Fruit?","volume":"12","author":"Rahbarizadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtct.2023.10.013","article-title":"Progress and Pitfalls of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Immunotherapy against T Cell Malignancies","volume":"30","author":"Angelos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transplant. Cell. Ther."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-07259-8","article-title":"Innovative Gene Engineering Strategies to Address Tumor Antigen Escape in Cell Therapy","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-025-01745-8","article-title":"Genome-Edited Allogeneic CAR T Cells: The next Generation of Cancer Immunotherapies","volume":"18","author":"Su","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mukhametshin, S.A., Gilyazova, E.M., Davletshin, D.R., Ganeeva, I.A., Zmievskaya, E.A., Chasov, V.V., Petukhov, A.V., Valiullina, A.K., Spada, S., and Bulatov, E.R. (2025). Allogeneic NKG2D CAR T Cell Therapy: A Promising Approach for Treating Solid Tumors. Biomedicines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13092314"},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s40164-023-00435-w","article-title":"Current Approaches to Develop \u201coff-the-Shelf\u201d Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-T Cells for Cancer Treatment: A Systematic Review","volume":"12","author":"Aparicio","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graham, C., Jozwik, A., Pepper, A., and Benjamin, R. (2018). Allogeneic CAR T Cells: More than Ease of Access?. Cells, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells7100155"},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.14689","article-title":"CD8+ Cytotoxic Mycosis Fungoides: A Retrospective Analysis of Clinical Features and Follow-up Results of 29 Patients","volume":"59","author":"Sanli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-024-01193-6","article-title":"Impact of T Cell Characteristics on CAR T Cell Therapy in Hematological Malignancies","volume":"14","author":"Tao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e007803","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2023-007803","article-title":"CD8+ Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells Manufactured in Absence of CD4+ Cells Exhibit Hypofunctional Phenotype","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janelle, V., and Delisle, J.-S. (2021). T-Cell Dysfunction as a Limitation of Adoptive Immunotherapy: Current Concepts and Mitigation Strategies. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13040598"},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-025-04425-z","article-title":"CAR T Cell Therapy Efficacy and Safety in SLE: A Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis of 47 Patients across 10 Studies","volume":"399","author":"Sayed","year":"2026","journal-title":"Naunyn-Schmiedeberg\u2019s Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Y., Han, L., Wang, Y., Gu, M., Wang, Y., Gao, J., Huang, H., and Li, C. (2025). CAR T therapy: Pioneering a new era in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1625166"},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-024-01139-z","article-title":"Advancements and Challenges in CAR T Cell Therapy in Autoimmune Diseases","volume":"20","author":"Schett","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giorgioni, L., Ambrosone, A., Cometa, M.F., Salvati, A.L., and Magrelli, A. (2023). CAR-T State of the Art and Future Challenges, A Regulatory Perspective. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241411803"},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2024.105153","article-title":"Availability and Financing of CAR-T Cell Therapies: A Cross-Country Comparative Analysis","volume":"149","author":"Litvinova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1159\/000525052","article-title":"Treatment with Living Drugs: Pharmaceutical Aspects of CAR T Cells","volume":"107","author":"Holzinger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacology"},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2483613","DOI":"10.1080\/20565623.2025.2483613","article-title":"CAR-T Cell Therapies: Patient Access and Affordability Solutions","volume":"11","year":"2025","journal-title":"Future Sci. OA"},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2025030872","article-title":"Global Access to Commercial CAR T-Cell Therapies: A Cross-Sectional Study of Health Technology Assessment across the G20 Countries","volume":"147","author":"Ge","year":"2026","journal-title":"Blood"}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/15\/10\/874\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T04:16:38Z","timestamp":1779768998000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/15\/10\/874"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"references-count":247,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["cells15100874"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells15100874","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]}}}