{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:45:02Z","timestamp":1785422702587,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"BioInnovation Institute"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/048b3qc73","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04txyc737","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012774","name":"Innovation Fund Denmark","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00daj4111","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Old College Capital"},{"name":"Export and Investment Fund of Denmark"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Annually, there are more than two million deaths from liver disease. This is driven by organ inflammation and scarring, leading to a decline in function and regeneration. Frequently, this can develop into decompensated liver disease, resulting in the loss of physiological balance and toxin build-up within the body, with an increased risk of patient mortality. Currently, there are no approved medicines for the long-term treatment of liver cirrhosis. The only successful treatment option for end-stage liver disease patients is donor organ transplantation. However, patient requirement outstrips the number of donated organs. To address this bottleneck, researchers around the world have developed cell-based prototype systems to restore failing liver function, with some in clinical trials. Although significant progress has been made, no mainstream commercial liver assist products are available for routine clinical use. In this study we developed a stem cell-derived vascularized liver tissue implant prototype from pluripotent cells. The liver tissue was produced from a stem cell line that is banked at clinical grade, and displayed stable and mature liver function over a 6-week period in vitro. This included decreasing levels of the fetal marker, alpha-fetoprotein, when the serum albumin increased. This was further supported by stable alpha-1-antitrypsin secretion and cytochrome P450 function. Following the establishment of stable liver tissue, it was delivered as a cell product or attached to an electrospun polycaprolactone scaffold, to form a tissue implant. Next, cellular material was quality-controlled, and subsequently shipped to a contract research organization for external in vivo validation. The transplanted liver tissue functioned when implanted into the kidney capsule and subcutaneously, remaining functional for up to two weeks in vivo.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15100905","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T08:06:26Z","timestamp":1779696386000},"page":"905","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Translating Human Prototype Liver Implant Technology from Academia to Industry for Third-Party Transplant and In Vivo Validation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1125-3575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dagmara","family":"Szkolnicka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BioInnovation Institute, Ole Maal\u00f8es Vej 3, 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2225-2665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lydia","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez del Barrio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioInnovation Institute, Ole Maal\u00f8es Vej 3, 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos D. Quintana","family":"Calder\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioInnovation Institute, Ole Maal\u00f8es Vej 3, 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justyna M.","family":"Kowal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioInnovation Institute, Ole Maal\u00f8es Vej 3, 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shruthi","family":"Sampath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioInnovation Institute, Ole Maal\u00f8es Vej 3, 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giles","family":"Dudley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioInnovation Institute, Ole Maal\u00f8es Vej 3, 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joakim","family":"S\u00f8rensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioInnovation Institute, Ole Maal\u00f8es Vej 3, 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allan E.","family":"Karlsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novo Nordisk Ltd., Novo Nordisk Park 1, 2760 Malov, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7593-5973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David C.","family":"Hay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Regeneration and Repair, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hora, S., and Wuestefeld, T. 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