{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:37:09Z","timestamp":1787027829666,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Viral infections of the central nervous system produce memory impairment through mechanisms that extend beyond acute neuronal injury. Herpes simplex virus type 1, human immunodeficiency virus, varicella zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, Epstein\u2013Barr virus, influenza, SARS-CoV-2, West Nile virus, and Zika virus each enter or engage the brain through distinct routes, yet converge on four shared molecular pathways that selectively damage hippocampal circuits: mitochondria-associated membrane (MAM) dysfunction, chronic neuroinflammation, blood\u2013brain barrier (BBB) disruption, and impaired CREB-BDNF signaling. These pathways specifically compromise the dentate gyrus, CA3, and CA1 subfields, producing predictable deficits in pattern separation, associative retrieval, and temporal memory binding. Antiretroviral and antiviral therapies suppress viral replication but fail to reverse organelle-level dysfunction, leaving most hippocampal injury unaddressed. Emerging plasma biomarkers, p-tau217, neurofilament light chain, and GFAP, combined with hippocampal subfield MRI, now enable mechanistic stratification before irreversible circuit loss occurs. This review proposes, as a unifying hypothesis, that virus-associated memory impairment represents a convergent hippocampal syndrome driven by shared downstream pathways, and that combination therapies targeting these pathways simultaneously offer greater therapeutic promise than pathogen-specific approaches alone. The evidentiary basis for this framework varies across pathogens and conditions; direct mechanistic evidence, mechanistic analogy, and preclinical data are distinguished throughout.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15100923","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T08:06:26Z","timestamp":1779696386000},"page":"923","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Memory Impairments: Type, Causes, and Molecular Players\u2014Memory Dysfunction Across Neurologic Insults"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3674-3692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saad A.","family":"Farooqui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"FELS Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4650-6552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryline","family":"Santerre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FELS Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Shcherbik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6034-7343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bassel E.","family":"Sawaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FELS Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA"},{"name":"Department of Cancer and Cellular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-061010-113720","article-title":"The cognitive neuroscience of human memory since H.M","volume":"34","author":"Squire","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. 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