{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T19:02:37Z","timestamp":1785870157099,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":299,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP22H04922 [AdAMS]"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP22H04922 [AdAMS]"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["JP22H04922 [AdAMS]"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP22H04922 [AdAMS]"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00hhkn466","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Multilayered Stress Diseases, TMDU","award":["JPMXP1323015483"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMXP1323015483"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Autism spectrum disorder is a common neurodevelopmental condition, defined by persistent deficits in social interaction and communication, as well as restricted repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. Autism spectrum disorder is highly heterogeneous, encompassing a broad range of clinical presentations and suggesting it includes multiple etiological subtypes. Although no unified cause has been established, accumulating evidence indicates that genetic susceptibility interacts with environmental and developmental factors to shape diverse phenotypic outcomes. This review summarizes epidemiological findings and discusses major proposed etiological mechanisms, integrating evidence from human studies and animal models. Although animal models are not directly translatable to humans, their findings provide mechanistic insights that bridge epidemiological observations with neurobiological hypotheses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15110985","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T14:36:56Z","timestamp":1779892616000},"page":"985","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Autism Spectrum Disorder: Integrating Genetic and Environmental Risk"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4069-0742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satoshi","family":"Kamijo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira 187-8553, Tokyo, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa 359-8513, Saitama, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideki","family":"Miwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira 187-8553, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazutaka","family":"Ikeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira 187-8553, Tokyo, Japan"},{"name":"Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya 156-8506, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tye, C., Runicles, A.K., Whitehouse, A.J.O., and Alvares, G.A. (2018). Characterizing the Interplay Between Autism Spectrum Disorder and Comorbid Medical Conditions: An Integrative Review. Front. Psychiatry, 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00751"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2696","article-title":"Global prevalence of autism: A systematic review update","volume":"15","author":"Zeidan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autism Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crvi.2016.05.004","article-title":"Current knowledge on the genetics of autism and propositions for future research","volume":"339","author":"Bourgeron","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Zablotsky, B., Black, L.I., Maenner, M.J., Schieve, L.A., and Blumberg, S.J. (2015). Estimated Prevalence of Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities Following Questionnaire Changes in the 2014 National Health Interview Survey. Natl. Health Stat. Rep., 1\u201320."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Talantseva, O.I., Romanova, R.S., Shurdova, E.M., Dolgorukova, T.A., Sologub, P.S., Titova, O.S., Kleeva, D.F., and Grigorenko, E.L. (2023). The global prevalence of autism spectrum disorder: A three-level meta-analysis. Front. Psychiatry, 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1071181"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(24)00363-8","article-title":"The global epidemiology and health burden of the autism spectrum: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"12","author":"Santomauro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss7402a1","article-title":"Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years\u2014Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022","volume":"74","author":"Shaw","year":"2025","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill. Summ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1715","article-title":"Gender differences in autism spectrum disorders: Divergence among specific core symptoms","volume":"10","author":"Beggiato","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autism Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12499","article-title":"Heritability of autism spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis of twin studies","volume":"57","author":"Tick","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Child. Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.4144","article-title":"The familial risk of autism","volume":"311","author":"Sandin","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30612","article-title":"Defining key features of the broad autism phenotype: A comparison across parents of multiple- and single-incidence autism families","volume":"147B","author":"Losh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2023065297","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2023-065297","article-title":"Familial Recurrence of Autism: Updates from the Baby Siblings Research Consortium","volume":"154","author":"Ozonoff","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00044-7","article-title":"Gene hunting in autism spectrum disorder: On the path to precision medicine","volume":"14","author":"Geschwind","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.10.009","article-title":"Genomic architecture of autism from comprehensive whole-genome sequence annotation","volume":"185","author":"Trost","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/2040-2392-4-36","article-title":"SFARI Gene 2.0: A community-driven knowledgebase for the autism spectrum disorders (ASDs)","volume":"4","author":"Abrahams","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Autism"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.02.039","article-title":"CNVs: Harbingers of a rare variant revolution in psychiatric genetics","volume":"148","author":"Malhotra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-1878(200005)22:5<452::AID-BIES7>3.0.CO;2-K","article-title":"Mechanisms leading to uniparental disomy and their clinical consequences","volume":"22","author":"Robinson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genom.9.081307.164217","article-title":"Copy number variation in human health, disease, and evolution","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Genom. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.107680.110","article-title":"De novo rates and selection of large copy number variation","volume":"20","author":"Itsara","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2024.108509","article-title":"A critical review of the impact of candidate copy number variants on autism spectrum disorder","volume":"794","author":"Abedini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Rev. Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2007.12.009","article-title":"Structural variation of chromosomes in autism spectrum disorder","volume":"82","author":"Marshall","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09146","article-title":"Functional impact of global rare copy number variation in autism spectrum disorders","volume":"466","author":"Pinto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.05.002","article-title":"Multiple recurrent de novo CNVs, including duplications of the 7q11.23 Williams syndrome region, are strongly associated with autism","volume":"70","author":"Sanders","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2025.103001","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental impact of CNV models in ASD: Recent advances and future directions","volume":"92","author":"Tamada","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-022-00576-7","article-title":"Genomics, convergent neuroscience and progress in understanding autism spectrum disorder","volume":"23","author":"Willsey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.10.020","article-title":"Coexpression networks implicate human midfetal deep cortical projection neurons in the pathogenesis of autism","volume":"155","author":"Willsey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/gim.2015.78","article-title":"Clinical phenotype of the recurrent 1q21.1 copy-number variant","volume":"18","author":"Bernier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genet. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-020-00347-0","article-title":"The sociability spectrum: Evidence from reciprocal genetic copy number variations","volume":"11","author":"Trattaro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Autism"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1097\/00041444-200512000-00006","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorders in Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes: A systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Veltman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Genet."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2015.08.001","article-title":"The 15q13.3 deletion syndrome: Deficient \u03b1(7)-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated neurotransmission in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"64","author":"Deutsch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Genovese, A., and Butler, M.G. (2023). The Autism Spectrum: Behavioral, Psychiatric and Genetic Associations. Genes, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes14030677"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2020.09.001","article-title":"16p11.2 Copy Number Variations and Neurodevelopmental Disorders","volume":"43","author":"Rein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30076-8","article-title":"Neurobiological perspective of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome","volume":"6","author":"Zinkstok","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-016-0090-z","article-title":"22q11.2 duplication syndrome: Elevated rate of autism spectrum disorder and need for medical screening","volume":"7","author":"Wenger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Autism"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1138659","article-title":"Strong association of de novo copy number mutations with autism","volume":"316","author":"Sebat","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S43","DOI":"10.1038\/ng2084","article-title":"Genomic rearrangements and sporadic disease","volume":"39","author":"Lupski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1136\/jmedgenet-2011-100147","article-title":"De novo copy number variants associated with intellectual disability have a paternal origin and age bias","volume":"48","author":"Vissers","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmg.2019.103829","article-title":"De novo copy number variants and parental age: Is there an association?","volume":"63","author":"Wadhawan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2021.02.012","article-title":"De novo structural mutation rates and gamete-of-origin biases revealed through genome sequencing of 2396 families","volume":"108","author":"Belyeu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2015.11.017","article-title":"Maternal Modifiers and Parent-of-Origin Bias of the Autism-Associated 16p11.2 CNV","volume":"98","author":"Duyzend","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.09.016","article-title":"Insights into Autism Spectrum Disorder Genomic Architecture and Biology from 71 Risk Loci","volume":"87","author":"Sanders","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genet-102209-163544","article-title":"Human copy number variation and complex genetic disease","volume":"45","author":"Girirajan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.04.024","article-title":"Abnormal behavior in a chromosome-engineered mouse model for human 15q11-13 duplication seen in autism","volume":"137","author":"Nakatani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1603001","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1603001","article-title":"Serotonin rebalances cortical tuning and behavior linked to autism symptoms in 15q11-13 CNV mice","volume":"3","author":"Nakai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4056","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24359-3","article-title":"Genetic dissection identifies Necdin as a driver gene in a mouse model of paternal 15q duplications","volume":"12","author":"Tamada","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0997-75","article-title":"Imprinted expression of the murine Angelman syndrome gene, Ube3a, in hippocampal and Purkinje neurons","volume":"17","author":"Albrecht","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103ra197","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3002627","article-title":"Increased gene dosage of Ube3a results in autism traits and decreased glutamate synaptic transmission in mice","volume":"3","author":"Smith","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17076","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1114042108","article-title":"Dosage-dependent phenotypes in models of 16p11.2 lesions found in autism","volume":"108","author":"Horev","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36087-x","article-title":"Rescue of neuropsychiatric phenotypes in a mouse model of 16p11.2 duplication syndrome by genetic correction of an epilepsy network hub","volume":"14","author":"Forrest","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.835","article-title":"Exome sequencing in sporadic autism spectrum disorders identifies severe de novo mutations","volume":"43","author":"Deriziotis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10989","article-title":"Sporadic autism exomes reveal a highly interconnected protein network of de novo mutations","volume":"485","author":"Vives","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13772","article-title":"Synaptic, transcriptional and chromatin genes disrupted in autism","volume":"515","author":"He","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11011","article-title":"Patterns and rates of exonic de novo mutations in autism spectrum disorders","volume":"485","author":"Neale","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13908","article-title":"The contribution of de novo coding mutations to autism spectrum disorder","volume":"515","author":"Iossifov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10945","article-title":"De novo mutations revealed by whole-exome sequencing are strongly associated with autism","volume":"485","author":"Sanders","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2236","article-title":"VariCarta: A Comprehensive Database of Harmonized Genomic Variants Found in Autism Spectrum Disorder Sequencing Studies","volume":"12","author":"Belmadani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autism Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-08922-2","article-title":"Human de novo mutation rates from a four-generation pedigree reference","volume":"643","author":"Porubsky","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.12.036","article-title":"Large-Scale Exome Sequencing Study Implicates Both Developmental and Functional Changes in the Neurobiology of Autism","volume":"180","author":"Satterstrom","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaat6576","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat6576","article-title":"Genome-wide de novo risk score implicates promoter variation in autism spectrum disorder","volume":"362","author":"An","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11396","article-title":"Rate of de novo mutations and the importance of father\u2019s age to disease risk","volume":"488","author":"Kong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24018","article-title":"Parental influence on human germline de novo mutations in 1548 trios from Iceland","volume":"549","author":"Sulem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2015.70","article-title":"Autism risk associated with parental age and with increasing difference in age between the parents","volume":"21","author":"Sandin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genet-112618-043617","article-title":"The Sins of Our Forefathers: Paternal Impacts on De Novo Mutation Rate and Development","volume":"54","author":"Aitken","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17065","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.65","article-title":"Fragile X syndrome","volume":"3","author":"Hagerman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/2040-2392-4-18","article-title":"Prospective investigation of autism and genotype-phenotype correlations in 22q13 deletion syndrome and SHANK3 deficiency","volume":"4","author":"Soorya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Autism"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Specchio, N., Pietrafusa, N., Trivisano, M., Moavero, R., De Palma, L., Ferretti, A., Vigevano, F., and Curatolo, P. (2020). Autism and Epilepsy in Patients with Tuberous Sclerosis Complex. Front. Neurol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00639"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(15)00376-4","article-title":"Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder phenomenology in genetic disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Richards","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-020-02430-0","article-title":"Cav1.2 channelopathies causing autism: New hallmarks on Timothy syndrome","volume":"472","author":"Marcantoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pflug. Arch."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3303","article-title":"Excess of rare, inherited truncating mutations in autism","volume":"47","author":"Krumm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2215632120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2215632120","article-title":"The contributions of rare inherited and polygenic risk to ASD in multiplex families","volume":"120","author":"Cirnigliaro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"The Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium (2007). Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases and 3000 shared controls. Nature, 447, 661\u2013678."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-019-0344-8","article-title":"Identification of common genetic risk variants for autism spectrum disorder","volume":"51","author":"Grove","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3039","article-title":"Most genetic risk for autism resides with common variation","volume":"46","author":"Gaugler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128ra140","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003479","article-title":"A noncoding RNA antisense to moesin at 5p14.1 in autism","volume":"4","author":"Kerin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2014.03.018","article-title":"Convergence of genes and cellular pathways dysregulated in autism spectrum disorders","volume":"94","author":"Pinto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.10.031","article-title":"Integrative functional genomic analyses implicate specific molecular pathways and circuits in autism","volume":"155","author":"Parikshak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav8130","article-title":"Single-cell genomics identifies cell type-specific molecular changes in autism","volume":"364","author":"Velmeshev","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadh2602","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adh2602","article-title":"Molecular cascades and cell type-specific signatures in ASD revealed by single-cell genomics","volume":"384","author":"Wamsley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2013.41","article-title":"Methylomic analysis of monozygotic twins discordant for autism spectrum disorder and related behavioural traits","volume":"19","author":"Wong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10110","article-title":"Transcriptomic analysis of autistic brain reveals convergent molecular pathology","volume":"474","author":"Voineagu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5748","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6748","article-title":"Transcriptome analysis reveals dysregulation of innate immune response genes and neuronal activity-dependent genes in autism","volume":"5","author":"Gupta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddz052","article-title":"Genome-wide DNA methylation profiling identifies convergent molecular signatures associated with idiopathic and syndromic autism in post-mortem human brain tissue","volume":"28","author":"Wong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gholamalizadeh, H., Amiri-Shahri, M., Rasouli, F., Ansari, A., Baradaran Rahimi, V., and Reza Askari, V. (2024). DNA Methylation in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Biomarker or Pharmacological Target?. Brain Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14080737"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1038\/13810","article-title":"Rett syndrome is caused by mutations in X-linked MECP2, encoding methyl-CpG-binding protein 2","volume":"23","author":"Amir","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30217-9","article-title":"Advances in understanding of Rett syndrome and MECP2 duplication syndrome: Prospects for future therapies","volume":"19","author":"Sandweiss","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2015.08.028","article-title":"miR-199a Links MeCP2 with mTOR Signaling and Its Dysregulation Leads to Rett Syndrome Phenotypes","volume":"12","author":"Tsujimura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14319","article-title":"Disruption of DNA-methylation-dependent long gene repression in Rett syndrome","volume":"522","author":"Gabel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.06.017","article-title":"Disruptive CHD8 mutations define a subtype of autism early in development","volume":"158","author":"Bernier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.2004.028464","article-title":"Disruption of the gene Euchromatin Histone Methyl Transferase1 (Eu-HMTase1) is associated with the 9q34 subtelomeric deletion syndrome","volume":"42","author":"Kleefstra","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1136","article-title":"Mutations of the X-linked genes encoding neuroligins NLGN3 and NLGN4 are associated with autism","volume":"34","author":"Jamain","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1146221","article-title":"A neuroligin-3 mutation implicated in autism increases inhibitory synaptic transmission in mice","volume":"318","author":"Tabuchi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/gbb.12256","article-title":"Behavioral phenotypes of genetic mouse models of autism","volume":"15","author":"Kazdoba","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genes Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2018.23","article-title":"Prenatal, perinatal, and neonatal risk factors of autism spectrum disorder","volume":"84","author":"Susi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sato, A., Kotajima-Murakami, H., Tanaka, M., Katoh, Y., and Ikeda, K. (2022). Influence of Prenatal Drug Exposure, Maternal Inflammation, and Parental Aging on the Development of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front. Psychiatry, 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.821455"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.07.016","article-title":"The cerebellum, sensitive periods, and autism","volume":"83","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-017-0121-4","article-title":"Environmental risk factors for autism: An evidence-based review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses","volume":"8","author":"Modabbernia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Autism"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tordjman, S., Somogyi, E., Coulon, N., Kermarrec, S., Cohen, D., Bronsard, G., Bonnot, O., Weismann-Arcache, C., Botbol, M., and Lauth, B. (2014). Gene \u00d7 Environment interactions in autism spectrum disorders: Role of epigenetic mechanisms. Front. Psychiatry, 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2014.00053"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2014.11.001","article-title":"Genetic epidemiology and insights into interactive genetic and environmental effects in autism spectrum disorders","volume":"77","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aag3194","article-title":"Maternal immune activation: Implications for neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"353","author":"Estes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0174-4","article-title":"Immunoneuropsychiatry\u2014Novel perspectives on brain disorders","volume":"15","author":"Pape","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1988.01800260109013","article-title":"Adult schizophrenia following prenatal exposure to an influenza epidemic","volume":"45","author":"Mednick","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-010-1006-y","article-title":"Maternal infection requiring hospitalization during pregnancy and autism spectrum disorders","volume":"40","author":"Thorsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1447","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-1107","article-title":"Autism after infection, febrile episodes, and antibiotic use during pregnancy: An exploratory study","volume":"130","author":"Henriksen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2016.06.005","article-title":"Maternal infection during pregnancy and risk of autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"58","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2499","article-title":"Prenatal maternal infection and risk for autism in offspring: A meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Tioleco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autism Res."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/2040-2392-2-13","article-title":"Increased midgestational IFN-\u03b3, IL-4 and IL-5 in women bearing a child with autism: A case-control study","volume":"2","author":"Goines","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Autism"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e227503","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.7503","article-title":"Association of Maternal Autoimmune Diseases with Risk of Mental Disorders in Offspring in Denmark","volume":"5","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2015.08.035","article-title":"Maternal autoimmune diseases and the risk of autism spectrum disorders in offspring: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"296","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2013.101","article-title":"Brain-reactive IgG correlates with autoimmunity in mothers of a child with an autism spectrum disorder","volume":"18","author":"Brimberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2010.10.025","article-title":"Associations of impaired behaviors with elevated plasma chemokines in autism spectrum disorders","volume":"232","author":"Ashwood","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2010.08.003","article-title":"Elevated plasma cytokines in autism spectrum disorders provide evidence of immune dysfunction and are associated with impaired behavioral outcome","volume":"25","author":"Ashwood","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2019.05.019","article-title":"A meta-analysis of pro-inflammatory cytokines in autism spectrum disorders: Effects of age, gender, and latitude","volume":"115","author":"Saghazadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20315","article-title":"Neuroglial activation and neuroinflammation in the brain of patients with autism","volume":"57","author":"Vargas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.08.005","article-title":"Maternal antibrain antibodies in autism","volume":"21","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2008.07.007","article-title":"Detection of autoantibodies to neural cells of the cerebellum in the plasma of subjects with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"23","author":"Wills","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2010.11.017","article-title":"Autoantibodies to cerebellum in children with autism associate with behavior","volume":"25","author":"Goines","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.24612","article-title":"Maternal immune activation in neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"247","author":"Solek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-01-00297.2003","article-title":"Maternal influenza infection causes marked behavioral and pharmacological changes in the offspring","volume":"23","author":"Shi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2003.10.001","article-title":"Maternal exposure to bacterial endotoxin during pregnancy enhances amphetamine-induced locomotion and startle responses in adult rat offspring","volume":"38","author":"Fortier","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4752","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0099-06.2006","article-title":"The time of prenatal immune challenge determines the specificity of inflammation-mediated brain and behavioral pathology","volume":"26","author":"Meyer","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10695","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2178-07.2007","article-title":"Maternal immune activation alters fetal brain development through interleukin-6","volume":"27","author":"Smith","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santana-Coelho, D., Layne-Colon, D., Valdespino, R., Ross, C.C., Tardif, S.D., and O\u2019Connor, J.C. (2021). Advancing Autism Research from Mice to Marmosets: Behavioral Development of Offspring Following Prenatal Maternal Immune Activation. Front. Psychiatry, 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.705554"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad0314","article-title":"The maternal interleukin-17a pathway in mice promotes autism-like phenotypes in offspring","volume":"351","author":"Choi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.008","article-title":"Maternal immune activation causes age- and region-specific changes in brain cytokines in offspring throughout development","volume":"31","author":"Garay","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12776","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1202556109","article-title":"Modeling an autism risk factor in mice leads to permanent immune dysregulation","volume":"109","author":"Hsiao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1120","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2017.80","article-title":"Maternal immune activation results in complex microglial transcriptome signature in the adult offspring that is reversed by minocycline treatment","volume":"7","author":"Mattei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2009.03.011","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to antibodies from mothers of children with autism produces neurobehavioral alterations: A pregnant dam mouse model","volume":"211","author":"Singer","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2007.12.007","article-title":"Stereotypies and hyperactivity in rhesus monkeys exposed to IgG from mothers of children with autism","volume":"22","author":"Martin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e278","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2013.47","article-title":"Maternal antibodies from mothers of children with autism alter brain growth and social behavior development in the rhesus monkey","volume":"3","author":"Bauman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.165","article-title":"Caspr2-reactive antibody cloned from a mother of an ASD child mediates an ASD-like phenotype in mice","volume":"21","author":"Brimberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20180134","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-0134","article-title":"Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Preterm Infants: A Meta-analysis","volume":"142","author":"Agrawal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020032300","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-032300","article-title":"Preterm or Early Term Birth and Risk of Autism","volume":"148","author":"Crump","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Persson, M., Opdahl, S., Risnes, K., Gross, R., Kajantie, E., Reichenberg, A., Gissler, M., and Sandin, S. (2020). Gestational age and the risk of autism spectrum disorder in Sweden, Finland, and Norway: A cohort study. PLoS Med., 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003207"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.10.005","article-title":"Preterm birth and weight-for-gestational age for risks of autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability: A nationwide population-based cohort study","volume":"122","author":"Chang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Formos. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.11.050","article-title":"Reduced white matter fractional anisotropy mediates cortical thickening in adults born preterm with very low birthweight","volume":"188","author":"Rimol","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.11.006","article-title":"White matter injury predicts disrupted functional connectivity and microstructure in very preterm born neonates","volume":"21","author":"Duerden","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lacaille, H., Vacher, C.M., and Penn, A.A. (2021). Preterm Birth Alters the Maturation of the GABAergic System in the Human Prefrontal Cortex. Front. Mol. Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2021.827370"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-021-00896-4","article-title":"Placental endocrine function shapes cerebellar development and social behavior","volume":"24","author":"Vacher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-016-2717-5","article-title":"Impaired Gas Exchange at Birth and Risk of Intellectual Disability and Autism: A Meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Modabbernia","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-018-0445-1","article-title":"Apgar score and risk of autism","volume":"34","author":"Modabbernia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-1036","article-title":"Perinatal and neonatal risk factors for autism: A comprehensive meta-analysis","volume":"128","author":"Gardener","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s42000-018-0007-7","article-title":"Perinatal hypoxia as a risk factor for psychopathology later in life: The role of dopamine and neurotrophins","volume":"17","author":"Giannopoulou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hormones"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-016-9784-4","article-title":"Pre- and Perinatal Ischemia-Hypoxia, the Ischemia-Hypoxia Response Pathway, and ADHD Risk","volume":"46","author":"Smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav. Genet."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2013.01.004","article-title":"In utero exposure to valproic acid and autism\u2014A current review of clinical and animal studies","volume":"36","author":"Roullet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol. Teratol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.2270","article-title":"Prenatal valproate exposure and risk of autism spectrum disorders and childhood autism","volume":"309","author":"Christensen","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2025.05.003","article-title":"Association of prenatal exposure to antiseizure medication with risk of autism: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"130","year":"2025","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1159\/000509109","article-title":"A Systematic Review of the Valproic-Acid-Induced Rodent Model of Autism","volume":"42","author":"Chaliha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5388","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25487-6","article-title":"Functional and molecular characterization of a non-human primate model of autism spectrum disorder shows similarity with the human disease","volume":"12","author":"Watanabe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakagami, A., Yasue, M., Nakagaki, K., Nakamura, M., Kawai, N., and Ichinohe, N. (2022). Reduced childhood social attention in autism model marmosets predicts impaired social skills and inflexible behavior in adulthood. Front. Psychiatry, 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.885433"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-06345-9","article-title":"Altered projection-specific synaptic remodeling and its modification by oxytocin in an idiopathic autism marmoset model","volume":"7","author":"Noguchi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145711001714","article-title":"Autism-like behaviours with transient histone hyperacetylation in mice treated prenatally with valproic acid","volume":"16","author":"Kataoka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2013.09.049","article-title":"Inhibition of histone deacetylase in utero causes sociability deficits in postnatal mice","volume":"257","author":"Moldrich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111322","article-title":"Emerging mechanisms of valproic acid-induced neurotoxic events in autism and its implications for pharmacological treatment","volume":"137","author":"Taleb","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.73","article-title":"Antidepressant use during pregnancy and childhood autism spectrum disorders","volume":"68","author":"Croen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2406","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1301449","article-title":"Use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors during pregnancy and risk of autism","volume":"369","author":"Hviid","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2016.07.016","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorder and prenatal exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"65","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2019.06.001","article-title":"Perinatal fluoxetine exposure results in social deficits and reduced monoamine oxidase gene expression in mice","volume":"1727","author":"Bond","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s13041-019-0452-5","article-title":"Prenatal selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) exposure induces working memory and social recognition deficits by disrupting inhibitory synaptic networks in male mice","volume":"12","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Brain"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e190","DOI":"10.1016\/S3050-5038(25)00211-0","article-title":"Prenatal paracetamol exposure and child neurodevelopment: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Flacco","year":"2026","journal-title":"Lancet Obstet. Gynaecol. Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-013-1928-2","article-title":"Maternal diabetes and the risk of autism spectrum disorders in the offspring: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5136","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-84573-3","article-title":"The association between gestational diabetes and ASD and ADHD: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Rowland","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodolaki, K., Pergialiotis, V., Iakovidou, N., Boutsikou, T., Iliodromiti, Z., and Kanaka-Gantenbein, C. (2023). The impact of maternal diabetes on the future health and neurodevelopment of the offspring: A review of the evidence. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1125628"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.07.003","article-title":"Prenatal developmental origins of behavior and mental health: The influence of maternal stress in pregnancy","volume":"117","author":"Lahti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-005-5037-8","article-title":"Timing of prenatal stressors and autism","volume":"35","author":"Beversdorf","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-019-01745-3","article-title":"Prenatal maternal stress and risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in the offspring: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"Manzari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-007-0414-0","article-title":"Autism prevalence following prenatal exposure to hurricanes and tropical storms in Louisiana","volume":"38","author":"Kinney","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-1734","article-title":"A nationwide study on the risk of autism after prenatal stress exposure to maternal bereavement","volume":"123","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291713000780","article-title":"Offspring psychopathology following preconception, prenatal and postnatal maternal bereavement stress","volume":"44","author":"Class","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2010.06.007","article-title":"Glucocorticoids, prenatal stress and the programming of disease","volume":"59","author":"Harris","year":"2011","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2016.16020138","article-title":"Fetal Origins of Mental Health: The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease Hypothesis","volume":"174","author":"Meaney","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-015-0073-9","article-title":"Air Pollution and Autism Spectrum Disorders: Causal or Confounded?","volume":"2","author":"Weisskopf","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Environ. Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408133","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorder and particulate matter air pollution before, during, and after pregnancy: A nested case-control analysis within the Nurses\u2019 Health Study II Cohort","volume":"123","author":"Raz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000173","article-title":"Particulate matter exposure, prenatal and postnatal windows of susceptibility, and autism spectrum disorders","volume":"26","author":"Kalkbrenner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1017\/thg.2014.58","article-title":"Exposure to air pollution from traffic and neurodevelopmental disorders in Swedish twins","volume":"17","author":"Gong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Twin Res. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408483","article-title":"Air Pollution Exposure during Pregnancy and Childhood Autistic Traits in Four European Population-Based Cohort Studies: The ESCAPE Project","volume":"124","author":"Guxens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.113307","article-title":"Maternal exposure to air pollution and risk of autism in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"256","author":"Chun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1601-183X.2003.00037.x","article-title":"Model of autism: Increased ratio of excitation\/inhibition in key neural systems","volume":"2","author":"Rubenstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genes Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0426-0","article-title":"Excitation-inhibition balance as a framework for investigating mechanisms in neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"24","author":"Sohal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613211045029","article-title":"Prevalence of epilepsy in autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2009.09.120","article-title":"Increased dendritic spine densities on cortical projection neurons in autism spectrum disorders","volume":"1309","author":"Hutsler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.21252","article-title":"Alterations in GABAergic biomarkers in the autism brain: Research findings and clinical implications","volume":"294","author":"Blatt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-008-0646-7","article-title":"GABAA receptor downregulation in brains of subjects with autism","volume":"39","author":"Fatemi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2011.10.007","article-title":"Evaluation of the GABAergic nervous system in autistic brain: 123I-iomazenil SPECT study","volume":"34","author":"Mori","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Dev."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9563","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1073-12.2012","article-title":"Impaired gamma-band activity during perceptual organization in adults with autism spectrum disorders: Evidence for dysfunctional network activity in frontal-posterior cortices","volume":"32","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-062111-150444","article-title":"Mechanisms of gamma oscillations","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0672-6","article-title":"Reduced visual evoked potential amplitude in autism spectrum disorder, a variability effect?","volume":"9","author":"Kovarski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-020-00357-y","article-title":"Reduced auditory steady state responses in autism spectrum disorder","volume":"11","author":"Seymour","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Autism"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2018.09.010","article-title":"The contribution of [1H] magnetic resonance spectroscopy to the study of excitation-inhibition in autism","volume":"89","author":"Ajram","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2024.105728","article-title":"Neurometabolite differences in Autism as assessed with Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"162","author":"Thomson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s11689-016-9181-6","article-title":"Arbaclofen in fragile X syndrome: Results of phase 3 trials","volume":"9","author":"Hagerman","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurodev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2016.237","article-title":"Arbaclofen in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Randomized, Controlled, Phase 2 Trial","volume":"42","author":"Cook","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10360","article-title":"Neocortical excitation\/inhibition balance in information processing and social dysfunction","volume":"477","author":"Yizhar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaah6733","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aah6733","article-title":"Modulation of prefrontal cortex excitation\/inhibition balance rescues social behavior in CNTNAP2-deficient mice","volume":"9","author":"Selimbeyoglu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e525","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2015.19","article-title":"Lack of parvalbumin in mice leads to behavioral deficits relevant to all human autism core symptoms and related neural morphofunctional abnormalities","volume":"5","author":"Orduz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2007.09.009","article-title":"Gabrb3 gene deficient mice exhibit impaired social and exploratory behaviors, deficits in non-selective attention and hypoplasia of cerebellar vermal lobules: A potential model of autism spectrum disorder","volume":"187","author":"DeLorey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3773","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23987-z","article-title":"FoxG1 regulates the formation of cortical GABAergic circuit during an early postnatal critical period resulting in autism spectrum disorder-like phenotypes","volume":"12","author":"Miyoshi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1007\/s11689-009-9023-x","article-title":"Common circuit defect of excitatory-inhibitory balance in mouse models of autism","volume":"1","author":"Gogolla","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurodev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neklyudova, A., Smirnov, K., Rebreikina, A., Martynova, O., and Sysoeva, O. (2022). Electrophysiological and Behavioral Evidence for Hyper- and Hyposensitivity in Rare Genetic Syndromes Associated with Autism. Genes, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13040671"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2016.05.011","article-title":"Excitation\/Inhibition Imbalance in Animal Models of Autism Spectrum Disorders","volume":"81","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berry-Kravis, E., Filipink, R.A., Frye, R.E., Golla, S., Morris, S.M., Andrews, H., Choo, T.H., and Kaufmann, W.E. (2021). Seizures in Fragile X Syndrome: Associations and Longitudinal Analysis of a Large Clinic-Based Cohort. Front. Pediatr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.736255"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nomura, T. (2021). Interneuron Dysfunction and Inhibitory Deficits in Autism and Fragile X Syndrome. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10102610"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2012.09.015","article-title":"Neurologic manifestations of Angelman syndrome","volume":"48","author":"Thibert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2007.08.004","article-title":"Epilepsy in Angelman syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Pelc","year":"2008","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163ra157","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3004655","article-title":"Decreased tonic inhibition in cerebellar granule cells causes motor dysfunction in a mouse model of Angelman syndrome","volume":"4","author":"Egawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00017.2006","article-title":"GABA: A pioneer transmitter that excites immature neurons and generates primitive oscillations","volume":"87","author":"Gaiarsa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2025.106853","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental defects in Dravet syndrome Scn1a+\/\u2212 mice: Targeting GABA-switch rescues behavioral dysfunctions but not seizures and mortality","volume":"207","author":"Pizzamiglio","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00018.2018","article-title":"The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis","volume":"99","author":"Cryan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2013.65","article-title":"Microbiota is essential for social development in the mouse","volume":"19","author":"Desbonnet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.11.024","article-title":"Microbiota modulate behavioral and physiological abnormalities associated with neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"155","author":"Hsiao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.05.004","article-title":"Human Gut Microbiota from Autism Spectrum Disorder Promote Behavioral Symptoms in Mice","volume":"177","author":"Sharon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-013-1973-x","article-title":"Gastrointestinal problems in children with autism, developmental delays or typical development","volume":"44","author":"Chaidez","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2010.06.008","article-title":"Pyrosequencing study of fecal microflora of autistic and control children","volume":"16","author":"Finegold","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-020-0346-1","article-title":"Gut microbiota changes in children with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Ho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-016-0225-7","article-title":"Microbiota Transfer Therapy alters gut ecosystem and improves gastrointestinal and autism symptoms: An open-label study","volume":"5","author":"Kang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liber, A., and Wi\u0119ch, M. (2025). The Impact of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation on Gastrointestinal and Behavioral Symptoms in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17132250"},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70006","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.70006","article-title":"Effect of oral faecal microbiota transplantation intervention for children with autism spectrum disorder: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"14","author":"Wan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.10.006","article-title":"Conceptual and methodological flaws undermine claims of a link between the gut microbiome and autism","volume":"114","author":"Mitchell","year":"2026","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.11.010","article-title":"The serotonin system in autism spectrum disorder: From biomarker to animal models","volume":"321","author":"Muller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2018.03.020","article-title":"Serotonin as a link between the gut-brain-microbiome axis in autism spectrum disorders","volume":"132","author":"Israelyan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.3123","article-title":"Contribution of the serotonergic system to developmental brain abnormalities in autism spectrum disorder","volume":"17","author":"Wegiel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Autism Res."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(61)80261-8","article-title":"Studies on 5-hydroxyindole metabolism in autistic and other mentally retarded children","volume":"58","author":"Schain","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1977.01770170031002","article-title":"Hyperserotonemia and amine metabolites in autistic and retarded children","volume":"34","author":"Hanley","year":"1977","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esposito, D., Cruciani, G., Zaccaro, L., Di Carlo, E., Spitoni, G.F., Manti, F., Carducci, C., Fiori, E., Leuzzi, V., and Pascucci, T. (2024). A Systematic Review on Autism and Hyperserotonemia: State-of-the-Art, Limitations, and Future Directions. Brain Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14050481"},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/164_2016_103","article-title":"Serotonergic Mechanisms Regulating the GI Tract: Experimental Evidence and Therapeutic Relevance","volume":"239","author":"Terry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Handb. Exp. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09972","article-title":"A transient placental source of serotonin for the fetal forebrain","volume":"472","author":"Bonnin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2004.08.002","article-title":"Significance of abnormalities in developmental trajectory and asymmetry of cortical serotonin synthesis in autism","volume":"23","author":"Chandana","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-00868-3","article-title":"Serotonin transporter availability in adults with autism-a positron emission tomography study","volume":"26","author":"Andersson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5469","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1112345109","article-title":"Autism gene variant causes hyperserotonemia, serotonin receptor hypersensitivity, social impairment and repetitive behavior","volume":"109","author":"Muller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2013.09.002","article-title":"Birth regulates the initiation of sensory map formation through serotonin signaling","volume":"27","author":"Toda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.109.4.782","article-title":"A gender-specific mechanism for pair bonding: Oxytocin and partner preference formation in monogamous voles","volume":"109","author":"Insel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.113.5.1071","article-title":"The effects of oxytocin and vasopressin on partner preferences in male and female prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster)","volume":"113","author":"Cho","year":"1999","journal-title":"Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03701","article-title":"Oxytocin increases trust in humans","volume":"435","author":"Kosfeld","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(97)00439-3","article-title":"Plasma oxytocin levels in autistic children","volume":"43","author":"Modahl","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moerkerke, M., Peeters, M., de Vries, L., Daniels, N., Steyaert, J., Alaerts, K., and Boets, B. (2021). Endogenous Oxytocin Levels in Autism-A Meta-Analysis. Brain Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11111545"},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2152","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613211034375","article-title":"Oxytocin levels tend to be lower in autistic children: A meta-analysis of 31 studies","volume":"25","author":"John","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-015-0041-0","article-title":"A comprehensive meta-analysis of common genetic variants in autism spectrum conditions","volume":"6","author":"Warrier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Autism"},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.05.030","article-title":"Oxytocin increases retention of social cognition in autism","volume":"61","author":"Hollander","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.09.020","article-title":"Intranasal oxytocin improves emotion recognition for youth with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"67","author":"Guastella","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1705521114","article-title":"Intranasal oxytocin treatment for social deficits and biomarkers of response in children with autism","volume":"114","author":"Parker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0097-2","article-title":"Effect of intranasal oxytocin on the core social symptoms of autism spectrum disorder: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"25","author":"Yamasue","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab291","article-title":"Effect of a novel nasal oxytocin spray with enhanced bioavailability on autism: A randomized trial","volume":"145","author":"Yamasue","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1038\/77040","article-title":"Social amnesia in mice lacking the oxytocin gene","volume":"25","author":"Ferguson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16096","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0505312102","article-title":"Pervasive social deficits, but normal parturition, in oxytocin receptor-deficient mice","volume":"102","author":"Takayanagi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3256","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2007-1710","article-title":"A conditional knockout mouse line of the oxytocin receptor","volume":"149","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1896-17.2017","article-title":"Conditional Deletion of Hippocampal CA2\/CA3a Oxytocin Receptors Impairs the Persistence of Long-Term Social Recognition Memory in Mice","volume":"38","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_246","first-page":"238","article-title":"Oxytocin Receptor-Expressing Neurons and Nuclei in the Regulation of Social Behaviors","volume":"21","author":"Nishimori","year":"2015","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25314","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid vasopressin and symptom severity in children with autism","volume":"84","author":"Oztan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001812","article-title":"Association between the arginine vasopressin 1a receptor (AVPR1a) gene and autism in a family-based study: Mediation by socialization skills","volume":"11","author":"Yirmiya","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaau7356","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aau7356","article-title":"A randomized placebo-controlled pilot trial shows that intranasal vasopressin improves social deficits in children with autism","volume":"11","author":"Parker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1998.80.1.1","article-title":"Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons","volume":"80","author":"Schultz","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.12.017","article-title":"Modeling dopamine dysfunction in autism spectrum disorder: From invertebrates to vertebrates","volume":"133","author":"DiCarlo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)63326-0","article-title":"Low medial prefrontal dopaminergic activity in autistic children","volume":"350","author":"Ernst","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.09.040","article-title":"Caudate nucleus is enlarged in high-functioning medication-naive subjects with autism","volume":"62","author":"Langen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh332","article-title":"Mapping the brain in autism. A voxel-based MRI study of volumetric differences and intercorrelations in autism","volume":"128","author":"McAlonan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kosillo, P., and Bateup, H.S. (2021). Dopaminergic Dysregulation in Syndromic Autism Spectrum Disorders: Insights From Genetic Mouse Models. Front. Neural Circuits, 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2021.700968"},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2013.102","article-title":"De novo mutation in the dopamine transporter gene associates dopamine dysfunction with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"18","author":"Hamilton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e464","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2014.90","article-title":"SLC6A3 coding variant Ala559Val found in two autism probands alters dopamine transporter function and trafficking","volume":"4","author":"Bowton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3407","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI127411","article-title":"Autism-linked dopamine transporter mutation alters striatal dopamine neurotransmission and dopamine-dependent behaviors","volume":"129","author":"DiCarlo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2017.04.005","article-title":"Endocannabinoid Signaling in the Control of Social Behavior","volume":"40","author":"Wei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zamberletti, E., Gabaglio, M., and Parolaro, D. (2017). The Endocannabinoid System and Autism Spectrum Disorders: Insights from Animal Models. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18091916"},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Navarro, D., Gasparyan, A., Navarrete, F., Torregrosa, A.B., Rubio, G., Mar\u00edn-Mayor, M., Acosta, G.B., Garcia-Guti\u00e9rrez, M.S., and Manzanares, J. (2022). Molecular Alterations of the Endocannabinoid System in Psychiatric Disorders. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23094764"},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0284-z","article-title":"Cannabinoids and the expanded endocannabinoid system in neurological disorders","volume":"16","author":"Cristino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(25)09876-1","article-title":"Determination and characterization of a cannabinoid receptor in rat brain","volume":"34","author":"Devane","year":"1988","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1470919","article-title":"Isolation and structure of a brain constituent that binds to the cannabinoid receptor","volume":"258","author":"Devane","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-018-0203-y","article-title":"Plasma anandamide concentrations are lower in children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"9","author":"Karhson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Autism"},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-019-0256-6","article-title":"Lower circulating endocannabinoid levels in children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"10","author":"Aran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Autism"},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.9.1618","article-title":"Postmortem brain abnormalities of the glutamate neurotransmitter system in autism","volume":"57","author":"Purcell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-021-00420-2","article-title":"Cannabinoid treatment for autism: A proof-of-concept randomized trial","volume":"12","author":"Aran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Autism"},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-070918-050258","article-title":"The Theory and Neuroscience of Cerebellar Cognition","volume":"42","author":"Schmahmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-1041","article-title":"Does cerebellar injury in premature infants contribute to the high prevalence of long-term cognitive, learning, and behavioral disability in survivors?","volume":"120","author":"Limperopoulos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-012-0355-9","article-title":"Consensus paper: Pathological role of the cerebellum in autism","volume":"11","author":"Fatemi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199807000-00001","article-title":"Neuropathology of infantile autism","volume":"57","author":"Kemper","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2015.02.007","article-title":"Cerebellar gray matter and lobular volumes correlate with core autism symptoms","volume":"7","author":"Crocetti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"ref_274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-017-0004-1","article-title":"Altered cerebellar connectivity in autism and cerebellar-mediated rescue of autism-related behaviors in mice","volume":"20","author":"Stoodley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11310","article-title":"Autistic-like behaviour and cerebellar dysfunction in Purkinje cell Tsc1 mutant mice","volume":"488","author":"Tsai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.09.039","article-title":"Sensitive Periods for Cerebellar-Mediated Autistic-like Behaviors","volume":"25","author":"Tsai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2015.339","article-title":"Autistic-Like Traits and Cerebellar Dysfunction in Purkinje Cell PTEN Knock-Out Mice","volume":"41","author":"Cupolillo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12627","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12627","article-title":"Dysfunctional cerebellar Purkinje cells contribute to autism-like behaviour in Shank2-deficient mice","volume":"7","author":"Peter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2012.10.014","article-title":"Loss of Tsc2 in Purkinje cells is associated with autistic-like behavior in a mouse model of tuberous sclerosis complex","volume":"51","author":"Reith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.101820","article-title":"AUTS2 Governs Cerebellar Development, Purkinje Cell Maturation, Motor Function and Social Communication","volume":"23","author":"Yamashiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e36401","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.36401","article-title":"Normal cognitive and social development require posterior cerebellar activity","volume":"7","author":"Badura","year":"2018","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-0665-z","article-title":"Regulation of autism-relevant behaviors by cerebellar-prefrontal cortical circuits","volume":"23","author":"Kelly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109721","article-title":"Homologous organization of cerebellar pathways to sensory, motor, and associative forebrain","volume":"36","author":"Pisano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaav0581","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav0581","article-title":"Cerebellar modulation of the reward circuitry and social behavior","volume":"363","author":"Carta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e58613","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.58613","article-title":"Modular output circuits of the fastigial nucleus for diverse motor and nonmotor functions of the cerebellar vermis","volume":"9","author":"Fujita","year":"2020","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1578","article-title":"Gene-environment interactions in human diseases","volume":"6","author":"Hunter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esposito, G., Azhari, A., and Borelli, J.L. (2018). Gene \u00d7 Environment Interaction in Developmental Disorders: Where Do We Stand and What\u2019s Next?. Front. Psychol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02036"},{"key":"ref_288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.11020191","article-title":"A critical review of the first 10 years of candidate gene-by-environment interaction research in psychiatry","volume":"168","author":"Duncan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e360","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2014.4","article-title":"Environmental toxicants and autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review","volume":"4","author":"Rossignol","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ctdb.2022.11.001","article-title":"Gene \u00d7 environment interactions in autism spectrum disorders","volume":"152","author":"Lein","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000030","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorder: Interaction of air pollution with the MET receptor tyrosine kinase gene","volume":"25","author":"Volk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21180","article-title":"Disruption of cerebral cortex MET signaling in autism spectrum disorder","volume":"62","author":"Campbell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001714","article-title":"Paraoxonase gene variants are associated with autism in North America, but not in Italy: Possible regional specificity in gene-environment interactions","volume":"10","author":"Ricci","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2010.04.010","article-title":"Decreased serum arylesterase activity in autism spectrum disorders","volume":"180","author":"Gaita","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2008.00414.x","article-title":"Paraoxonase 1 activities and polymorphisms in autism spectrum disorders","volume":"14","author":"Dronca","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1177\/088307380401900603","article-title":"Polymorphisms in xenobiotic metabolism genes and autism","volume":"19","author":"Serajee","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Child. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buyske, S., Williams, T.A., Mars, A.E., Stenroos, E.S., Ming, S.X., Wang, R., Sreenath, M., Factura, M.F., Reddy, C., and Lambert, G.H. (2006). Analysis of case-parent trios at a locus with a deletion allele: Association of GSTM1 with autism. BMC Genet., 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2156-7-8"},{"key":"ref_298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30366","article-title":"Metabolic endophenotype and related genotypes are associated with oxidative stress in children with autism","volume":"141b","author":"James","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet."},{"key":"ref_299","first-page":"356","article-title":"Risk of autistic disorder in affected offspring of mothers with a glutathione S-transferase P1 haplotype","volume":"161","author":"Williams","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med."}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/15\/11\/985\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T14:45:29Z","timestamp":1779893129000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/15\/11\/985"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]},"references-count":299,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["cells15110985"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells15110985","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]}}}