{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T08:10:27Z","timestamp":1780560627349,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Science Foundation of China","award":["82160779"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82160779"]}]},{"name":"the National Science Foundation of China","award":["82505133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82505133"]}]},{"name":"Research Project of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","award":["GuiZhong, Yi Ke Yu (2025)54"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GuiZhong, Yi Ke Yu (2025)54"]}]},{"name":"Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Talent Innovation Team","award":["Gui Traditional Chinese Medicine TD He Zi [2023] 002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Gui Traditional Chinese Medicine TD He Zi [2023] 002"]}]},{"name":"the Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine National and Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Talent Team Cultivation Project","award":["[2022]004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[2022]004"]}]},{"name":"Guizhou Provincial Basic Research Program","award":["ZK[2024]358"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZK[2024]358"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic immune-related disease characterized by chronic synovial inflammation and progressive joint destruction. However, the molecular mechanisms and diagnostic biomarkers underlying RA remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to identify potential biomarkers for clinical diagnosis of RA and to investigate their association with immune infiltration. By integrating differentially expressed genes analysis (DEGs) and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), we identified PSMB9 as a hub gene associated with RA. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and immune infiltration analysis revealed a strong association between RA and macrophage infiltration. Single-cell RNA sequencing datasets also suggest that PSMB9 is not only highly expressed in macrophage but is also present in synovial cells. We employed cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) combined with Western blot to validate the interaction between sinomenine (SIN) and the target protein. CETSA results demonstrated that, compared with the control group, SIN increased the thermal stability of PSMB9, suggesting direct binding between the two. Western blot experiments further confirmed that PSMB9 protein expression was significantly downregulated following SIN treatment. PSMB9 may serve as potential diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic targets for RA. Moreover, our data suggest SIN may exert anti-inflammatory effects through regulation of PSMB9. This study also provides an additional insight into the underlying mechanisms involved in the progression of RA and discover a new molecular target for SIN.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15111005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T08:09:16Z","timestamp":1780301356000},"page":"1005","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sinomenine Regulates PSMB9 to Mediate Therapeutic Effects in Rheumatoid Arthritis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Cui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory on the Property & Effect of Chinese Medicine (Ethnic Medicine), Guizhou Genuine Herbs Center of Consistency of Utility, Guizhou Key Laboratory of Miao Medicine, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9509-575X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chonkit","family":"Lio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wailong, Taipa, Macao, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wailong, Taipa, Macao, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nana","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory on the Property & Effect of Chinese Medicine (Ethnic Medicine), Guizhou Genuine Herbs Center of Consistency of Utility, Guizhou Key Laboratory of Miao Medicine, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory on the Property & Effect of Chinese Medicine (Ethnic Medicine), Guizhou Genuine Herbs Center of Consistency of Utility, Guizhou Key Laboratory of Miao Medicine, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinfang","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory on the Property & Effect of Chinese Medicine (Ethnic Medicine), Guizhou Genuine Herbs Center of Consistency of Utility, Guizhou Key Laboratory of Miao Medicine, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1159\/000493390","article-title":"Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Brief Overview of the Treatment","volume":"27","author":"Bullock","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. 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