{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T13:03:48Z","timestamp":1780578228446,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]],"date-time":"2026-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"Department of Defense Peer Reviewed Medical Investigator Award","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH-22-1-0433"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-22-1-0433"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"Department of Defense Peer Reviewed Medical Investigator Award","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH-22-1-0434"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-22-1-0434"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fibrosis in Crohn\u2019s Disease (CD) occurs when there is continuous inflammation and repair mechanisms, which may lead to fibrotic strictures and ultimately intestinal surgical resection. There are limited non-invasive biomarkers for monitoring CD activity, particularly for detecting fibrosis. Thus, we set out to identify biomarkers that could be monitored for the detection and treatment of fibrosis. We used multiplex protein arrays to examine cytokines and pro-fibrotic factors in the serum of CD patients and analyzed their reliability to predict fibrosis. These markers were confirmed in tissues and the role of cytokines in upregulating fibrotic factors was examined. Collagen 1A1, Fibronectin, MMP9, and Timp-1 in patient serum were identified as strong predictors of fibrosis. IL-1\u03b2, MCP-1 and TNF\u03b1 were identified as major regulators of fibrosis factors in human tissues. Overall, we identified four serum markers that are strong indicators of fibrosis and provided some novel insight into the impact of cytokines on fibrotic factors. Taken together, these findings may lead to earlier detection of fibrosis, and improved monitoring and treatment for CD patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15111006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T08:09:16Z","timestamp":1780301356000},"page":"1006","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Distinct Serum and Tissue Markers Predict Fibrosis in Crohn\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Abomhya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5626-3147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronaldo","family":"Panganiban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed Adeel","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandon B.","family":"Phinney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"McAninch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory","family":"Yochum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"},{"name":"Department of Molecular and Precision Medicine, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina V.","family":"Pinchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terrence","family":"Barrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4147-5777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ellen J.","family":"Beswick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA"},{"name":"Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2023-329963","article-title":"Fibrosis in IBD: From pathogenesis to therapeutic targets","volume":"73","author":"Rieder","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jarmakiewicz-Czaja, S., Gruszecka, J., and Filip, R. 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