{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:36:26Z","timestamp":1785411386385,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":140,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"SECIHTI","award":["CF-2023-I-2651"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CF-2023-I-2651"]}]},{"award":["CF-2023-I-2651"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CF-2023-I-2651"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/059ex5q34","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fondo Sectorial de Salud-CONACYT","award":["262307"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["262307"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009347","name":"Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatr\u00eda Ram\u00f3n de la Fuente Mu\u00f1iz","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["S.M.-2000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S.M.-2000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["S.M.-2000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S.M.-2000"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05qjm2261","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Major depressive disorder (MDD) is among the most common and disabling psychiatric disorders. MDD is multifactorial, influencing the central nervous, endocrine, and immune systems. Also, MDD impacts neurochemical and inflammatory pathways via shared signaling mechanisms, including metabolites, soluble factors, and extracellular vesicles (EVs, including exosomes). Here, we hypothesized that EVs from MDD patients or mice exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) contain specific inflammatory signatures that may help explain the pathophysiology of that mental disorder. We included four groups: healthy female controls (n = 8), women with MDD (n = 12), healthy Balb\/C female mice (n = 10), and Balb\/C mice under CUMS (n = 10). We isolated and characterized exosome-enriched EVs from human and murine serum and analyzed their protein content using antibody arrays. We identified three protein sets with significant differences (p &lt; 0.05): 36 human exosome proteins decreased in the MDD group; 18 murine exosome proteins decreased in the CUMS group; and 12 proteins showed differential expression between human and murine exosomes, mostly trending downward in the CUMS and MDD groups. We performed bioinformatic analysis to determine protein\u2013protein interactions and gene ontology functions. We identified signaling pathways associated with MDD and chronic stress: chemokine, cytokine\u2013cytokine receptor, JAK-STAT, pathways in cancer, Rap1, Ras, TNF signaling, and cytokine interactions. These findings highlight the importance of human and murine exosomes as critical sources for understanding depression\u2019s molecular mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15121042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T02:32:46Z","timestamp":1780885966000},"page":"1042","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Signatures in the Protein Content of Human and Murine Blood Serum Exosomes, in the Context of Major Depressive Disorder, Are Associated with Cytokine Activity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3609-6270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge Manuel","family":"V\u00e1squez-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Neurog\u00e9nesis, Direcci\u00f3n y Subdirecci\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Salud Mental, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatr\u00eda Ram\u00f3n de la Fuente Mu\u00f1iz, Mexico City 14370, Mexico"},{"name":"Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2798-7605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Flores-Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Epidemiolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica, Direcci\u00f3n y Subdirecci\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Salud Mental, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatr\u00eda Ram\u00f3n de la Fuente Mu\u00f1iz, Mexico City 14370, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda del Pilar","family":"Ramos-God\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microscop\u00eda Electr\u00f3nica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerolog\u00eda, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3243-1588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerardo Bernab\u00e9","family":"Ram\u00edrez-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Neurog\u00e9nesis, Direcci\u00f3n y Subdirecci\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Salud Mental, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatr\u00eda Ram\u00f3n de la Fuente Mu\u00f1iz, Mexico City 14370, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16065","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.65","article-title":"Major depressive disorder","volume":"2","author":"Otte","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. 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