{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T04:57:11Z","timestamp":1781326631212,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":218,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The entorhinal cortex (EC) is a central structure of the medial temporal lobe, functioning as the main cortical gateway to the hippocampus (HPC) and playing a crucial role in memory, spatial navigation, and temporal representation. This review outlines the distinct yet complementary contributions of its two main subdivisions, the medial (MEC) and lateral (LEC) entorhinal cortices. Despite being historically viewed as functionally segregated, they operate instead in close coordination to support the encoding and retrieval of multidimensional experiences. While the MEC is prominently involved in mapping spatial relationships and movement through specialized cell populations, and the LEC in processing object-related and contextual information, growing evidence shows substantial integration between these domains, challenging strict dichotomies. The MEC encodes elapsed time through persistent firing and time cell sequences, while the LEC signals temporal context via rate remapping; their convergent projections to the hippocampus enable the formation of temporally structured episodic memories. The review assesses recent findings on memory, navigation, and time processing, and highlights how the EC supports each through its layered architecture, local microcircuitry, and widespread interactions with HPC, cortical, and subcortical networks. Moreover, alterations in EC activity patterns emerge as the earliest signs of pathologies such as Alzheimer\u2019s disease and temporal lobe epilepsy. Altogether, this review offers an up-to-date view of the EC not as a set of parallel modules, but as a highly interactive and dynamic system essential for structuring experience across space, time, and context.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15121063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T00:48:35Z","timestamp":1781138915000},"page":"1063","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Coordinating Cognition: The Entorhinal Cortex in Mnemonic, Temporal and Spatial Representation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4081-3243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Marcoccia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Neuropharmacology Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3073-1942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Chiacchierini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Neuropharmacology Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2827-8755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrizia","family":"Campolongo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Neuropharmacology Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20314","article-title":"Functional neuroanatomy of the parahippocampal region in the rat: The perirhinal and postrhinal cortices","volume":"17","author":"Furtak","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20315","article-title":"Functional neuroanatomy of the parahippocampal region: The lateral and medial entorhinal areas","volume":"17","author":"Kerr","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(03)00176-0","article-title":"Persistent activity and memory in the entorhinal cortex","volume":"26","author":"Frank","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42370","DOI":"10.1038\/srep42370","article-title":"Entorhinal Cortex dysfunction can be rescued by inhibition of microglial RAGE in an Alzheimer\u2019s disease mouse model","volume":"7","author":"Criscuolo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. 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