{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:57:19Z","timestamp":1785412639712,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":217,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005888","name":"Medical University of Lodz","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["503\/0-154-01\/503-01-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["503\/0-154-01\/503-01-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005888","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["503\/0-154-01\/503-01-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["503\/0-154-01\/503-01-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02t4ekc95","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"LEK-AM Pharmaceutical Company Ltd.","award":["2024\/ABM\/05\/KPO\/KPOD.07.07-IW.07-0242\/24-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024\/ABM\/05\/KPO\/KPOD.07.07-IW.07-0242\/24-00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glioblastoma (GB) remains one of the most therapy-resistant solid tumors, characterized by profound metabolic plasticity, intratumoral heterogeneity, and a highly immunosuppressive microenvironment. While immunotherapies such as chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells have shown promise in hematological malignancies, their efficacy in GB has been limited. Emerging evidence suggests that tumor-specific metabolic dependencies and post-translational modifications (PTMs) may represent exploitable vulnerabilities. This review discusses disulfidptosis, a recently described form of regulated cell death driven by disulfide stress under conditions of limited reducing capacity, as a context-dependent metabolic\u2013redox vulnerability in GB. We further discuss how altered protein glycosylation and glycocalyx architecture in glioblastoma regulate cell survival, death signaling, and immune recognition. Particular emphasis is placed on the glycosylation of surface antigens targeted by CAR-T cells, including EGFR\/EGFRvIII, IL-13R\u03b12, mesothelin, B7-H3, HER2, and GD2, and on how glycan-dependent epitope accessibility may limit therapeutic efficacy. Finally, we distinguish disulfidptosis, whose direct relevance to CAR-T-cell responses remains to be established, from glycosylation and glycocalyx remodeling as more direct determinants of target\u2013antigen accessibility and immune recognition. Therapeutic strategies addressing these vulnerabilities may provide rational opportunities to improve CAR-T-based and combinatorial therapies for GB.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15121087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T15:00:48Z","timestamp":1781535648000},"page":"1087","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Metabolic and Post-Translational Vulnerabilities of Glioblastoma: Disulfidptosis, Glycosylation, and Implications for CAR-T Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1397-7166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tadeusz","family":"Str\u00f3zik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Chair of Medical Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7\/9 St., 90-752 Lodz, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Research and Development, LEK-AM Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Inwestycyjna 7 St., 95-050 Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0973-6052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrianna","family":"Rutkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Chair of Medical Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7\/9 St., 90-752 Lodz, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Research and Development, LEK-AM Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Inwestycyjna 7 St., 95-050 Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4508-9534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Wasiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Chair of Medical Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7\/9 St., 90-752 Lodz, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Research and Development, LEK-AM Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Inwestycyjna 7 St., 95-050 Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damian","family":"Ciunowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Chair of Medical Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7\/9 St., 90-752 Lodz, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Research and Development, LEK-AM Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Inwestycyjna 7 St., 95-050 Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2970-0970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Rieske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Development, LEK-AM Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Inwestycyjna 7 St., 95-050 Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Tumor Biology, Chair of Medical Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7\/9 St., 90-752 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Szczepaniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Chair of Medical Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7\/9 St., 90-752 Lodz, Poland"},{"name":"Student Scientific Circle at the Department of Molecular Biology, Chair of Medical Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7\/9 St., 90-752 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewelina","family":"Stoczy\u0144ska-Fidelus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Chair of Medical Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7\/9 St., 90-752 Lodz, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Research and Development, LEK-AM Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Inwestycyjna 7 St., 95-050 Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043330","article-title":"Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma","volume":"352","author":"Stupp","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1254257","article-title":"Single-cell RNA-seq highlights intratumoral heterogeneity in primary glioblastoma","volume":"344","author":"Patel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.06.024","article-title":"An Integrative Model of Cellular States, Plasticity, and Genetics for Glioblastoma","volume":"178","author":"Neftel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5878","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-12-1572-T","article-title":"The metabolomic signature of malignant glioma reflects accelerated anabolic metabolism","volume":"72","author":"Chinnaiyan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6292","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-16-3102","article-title":"Efficient Mitochondrial Glutamine Targeting Prevails Over Glioblastoma Metabolic Plasticity","volume":"23","author":"Oizel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-2449-5","article-title":"Enhanced fatty acid oxidation provides glioblastoma cells metabolic plasticity to accommodate to its dynamic nutrient microenvironment","volume":"11","author":"Kant","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bezawork-Geleta, A., Moujalled, D., De Souza, D.P., Narayana, V.K., Dimou, J., Luwor, R., and Watt, M.J. (2024). Metabolic Plasticity of Glioblastoma Cells in Response to DHODH Inhibitor BAY2402234 Treatment. Metabolites, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo14080413"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20101470","article-title":"Hexokinase 2 is a key mediator of aerobic glycolysis and promotes tumor growth in human glioblastoma multiforme","volume":"208","author":"Wolf","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09460-7","article-title":"Rewiring of cortical glucose metabolism fuels human brain cancer growth","volume":"646","author":"Scott","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3811","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17512-x","article-title":"Purine metabolism regulates DNA repair and therapy resistance in glioblastoma","volume":"11","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI78239","article-title":"Compensatory glutamine metabolism promotes glioblastoma resistance to mTOR inhibitor treatment","volume":"125","author":"Tanaka","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb3272","article-title":"Glutamine synthetase activity fuels nucleotide biosynthesis and supports growth of glutamine-restricted glioblastoma","volume":"17","author":"Tardito","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-16-0028","article-title":"Increased Expression of System xc- in Glioblastoma Confers an Altered Metabolic State and Temozolomide Resistance","volume":"14","author":"Polewski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14240","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M117.798405","article-title":"The glutamate\/cystine antiporter SLC7A11\/xCT enhances cancer cell dependency on glucose by exporting glutamate","volume":"292","author":"Koppula","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19721","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M117.814392","article-title":"Cystine uptake through the cystine\/glutamate antiporter xCT triggers glioblastoma cell death under glucose deprivation","volume":"292","author":"Goji","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6936","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA119.012213","article-title":"High cell density increases glioblastoma cell viability under glucose deprivation via degradation of the cystine\/glutamate transporter xCT (SLC7A11)","volume":"295","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2012.06.009","article-title":"NADPH oxidase subunit 4 mediates cycling hypoxia-promoted radiation resistance in glioblastoma multiforme","volume":"53","author":"Hsieh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-015-0758-8","article-title":"Cycling hypoxia induces chemoresistance through the activation of reactive oxygen species-mediated B-cell lymphoma extra-long pathway in glioblastoma multiforme","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2213","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2016.117","article-title":"Nrf2-driven TERT regulates pentose phosphate pathway in glioblastoma","volume":"7","author":"Ahmad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, H., Huang, H., Cao, F., Chen, M., Zheng, X., and Zhan, R. (2016). HSPB1 Enhances SIRT2-Mediated G6PD Activation and Promotes Glioma Cell Proliferation. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0164285"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-024-01440-0","article-title":"Inhibition of thioredoxin reductase 1 sensitizes glucose-starved glioblastoma cells to disulfidptosis","volume":"32","author":"Tang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-023-01091-2","article-title":"Actin cytoskeleton vulnerability to disulfide stress mediates disulfidptosis","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2023.07.009","article-title":"Disulfidptosis: Disulfide stress-induced cell death","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-017-0012-4","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of cell death: Recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2018","volume":"25","author":"Galluzzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-025-02447-x","article-title":"SLC7A11 as a bridge between ferroptosis and disulfidptosis: A promising target for tumor treatment","volume":"23","author":"Qiu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benmebarek, M.R., Karches, C.H., Cadilha, B.L., Lesch, S., Endres, S., and Kobold, S. (2019). Killing Mechanisms of Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20061283"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1170-y","article-title":"CD8+ T cells regulate tumour ferroptosis during cancer immunotherapy","volume":"569","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaax7969","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aax7969","article-title":"Gasdermin E-mediated target cell pyroptosis by CAR T cells triggers cytokine release syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-024-01685-8","article-title":"Exploring the role of Disulfidptosis in glioma progression: Insights into tumor heterogeneity and therapeutic potential through single-cell RNA sequencing","volume":"15","author":"Fan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Discov. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-024-01664-z","article-title":"Development and validation of disulfidptosis-related genes signature for patients with glioma","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Discov. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17988","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-45295-w","article-title":"The disulfidptosis-related signature predicts prognosis and immune features in glioma patients","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-025-03491-2","article-title":"Disulfidptosis OXSM serves as a potential prognostic biomarker and correlates with immune infiltrates in glioma","volume":"16","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shu, Y., and Li, J. (2025). Disulfidptosis as a key regulator of glioblastoma progression and immune cell impairment. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1526296"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3901","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-52128-x","article-title":"Cross-talk between disulfidptosis and immune check point genes defines the tumor microenvironment for the prediction of prognosis and immunotherapies in glioblastoma","volume":"14","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"202506","article-title":"Disulfidptosis and its emerging relevance in cancer and immunity","volume":"1","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ferroptosis Oxid. Stress."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114609","article-title":"CAR-T cell therapies are coming after glioblastoma: An overview of early phase clinical trials and future perspectives","volume":"29","author":"Mariniello","year":"2026","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70330","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.70330","article-title":"Unveiling the Role of Protein Posttranslational Modifications in Glioma Prognosis","volume":"31","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-025-02216-w","article-title":"Glycosylation as an intricate post-translational modification process takes part in glycoproteins related immunity","volume":"23","author":"Tian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chung, J., Saad, J., Kafri, A., Rossignol, J., Verbrugge, M., and Bakke, J. (2025). Metabolism of glioblastoma: A review of metabolic adaptations and metabolic therapeutic interventions. Front. Oncol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1712576"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2022.130250","article-title":"Dysregulation of hexosamine biosynthetic pathway wiring metabolic signaling circuits in cancer","volume":"1867","author":"Itano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gen. Subj."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.108715","article-title":"Deep learning enhanced the diagnostic merit of serum glycome for multiple cancers","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-026-01879-y","article-title":"Tumour acidosis remodels the glycocalyx to control lipid scavenging and ferroptosis","volume":"28","author":"Horvath","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-025-02036-6","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptome sequencing reveals new epithelial-stromal associated mesenchymal-like subsets in recurrent gliomas","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Queiroz, R.M., Oliveira, I.A., Piva, B., Bouchuid Catao, F., da Costa Rodrigues, B., da Costa Pascoal, A., Diaz, B.L., Todeschini, A.R., Caarls, M.B., and Dias, W.B. (2019). Hexosamine Biosynthetic Pathway and Glycosylation Regulate Cell Migration in Melanoma Cells. Front. Oncol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.00116"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4173","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24301-7","article-title":"Hexosamine biosynthetic pathway and O-GlcNAc-processing enzymes regulate daily rhythms in protein O-GlcNAcylation","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-2034-y","article-title":"Enhanced hexosamine metabolism drives metabolic and signaling networks involving hyaluronan production and O-GlcNAcylation to exacerbate breast cancer","volume":"10","author":"Chokchaitaweesuk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23043","DOI":"10.1038\/srep23043","article-title":"Metabolic Reprogramming by Hexosamine Biosynthetic and Golgi N-Glycan Branching Pathways","volume":"6","author":"Ryczko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-025-02687-3","article-title":"Exploring the metabolic signaling network of GFPT in cancer","volume":"11","author":"Sampson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ouyang, M., Yu, C., Deng, X., Zhang, Y., Zhang, X., and Duan, F. (2022). O-GlcNAcylation and Its Role in Cancer-Associated Inflammation. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.861559"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2348","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.2348","article-title":"Formal modeling and analysis of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway: Role of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase in oncogenesis and cancer progression","volume":"4","author":"Saeed","year":"2016","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2023.10.014","article-title":"The role of N-glycosylation in cancer","volume":"14","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M116.066381","article-title":"Proteome-wide Identification of Glycosylation-dependent Interactors of Galectin-1 and Galectin-3 on Mesenchymal Retinal Pigment Epithelial (RPE) Cells","volume":"16","author":"Obermann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Proteom."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"pbag002","DOI":"10.1093\/pcmedi\/pbag002","article-title":"Regulation of cancer cell adhesion, progression, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition by N-glycosylation","volume":"9","author":"Gu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Precis. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1002\/cac2.12610","article-title":"Altered glycosylation in cancer: Molecular functions and therapeutic potential","volume":"44","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Commun."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20170483","article-title":"O-linked mucin-type glycosylation in breast cancer","volume":"46","author":"Burchell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.126296","article-title":"O-glycosylation in Cancer: Emerging Paradigms and Prospects for Precision Oncology","volume":"22","author":"Wei","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13535","article-title":"The cancer glycocalyx mechanically primes integrin-mediated growth and survival","volume":"511","author":"Paszek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-01774-2","article-title":"The cancer glycocalyx mediates intravascular adhesion and extravasation during metastatic dissemination","volume":"4","author":"Offeddu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-024-01808-0","article-title":"Immunoengineering can overcome the glycocalyx armour of cancer cells","volume":"23","author":"Park","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medp.2026.100119","article-title":"Glycosylation in cancer: Diversity, functions, potential as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets","volume":"3","author":"Ji","year":"2026","journal-title":"Med. Plus"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2024.107709","article-title":"O-GlcNAcylation in tumorigenesis and its implications for cancer therapy","volume":"300","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22106","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-01512-y","article-title":"Blocked O-GlcNAc cycling alters mitochondrial morphology, function, and mass","volume":"11","author":"Akinbiyi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-025-08209-4","article-title":"O-GlcNAcylation of XRCC4 controls its stability and confers resistance to DNA double-strand break damage in cancer cells","volume":"17","author":"Ko","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-021-00450-5","article-title":"O-GlcNAcylation links oncogenic signals and cancer epigenetics","volume":"12","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Discov. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2605","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.81760","article-title":"Roles of glycosylation at the cancer cell surface: Opportunities for large scale glycoproteomics","volume":"13","author":"Schwarz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2025.8952","article-title":"O-GlcNAcylation as an emerging molecular target for cholangiocarcinoma therapy (Review)","volume":"54","author":"Charoensuksai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-023-00491-8","article-title":"Abnormal glycosylation in glioma: Related changes in biology, biomarkers and targeted therapy","volume":"11","author":"Yue","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomark. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e158799","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.158799","article-title":"alpha2,6 Sialylation mediated by ST6GAL1 promotes glioblastoma growth","volume":"7","author":"Gc","year":"2022","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruchika, F.A.-O., Suvarnapathaki, S.A.-O., Serrano-Farias, A., Bettegowda, C., and Rincon-Torroella, J.A.-O. (2025). GLUT1 as a Potential Therapeutic Target in Glioblastoma. Brain Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15060585"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.13596","article-title":"N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I promotes glioma cell proliferation and migration through increasing the stability of the glucose transporter GLUT1","volume":"594","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-17-0120","article-title":"Phostine PST3.1a Targets MGAT5 and Inhibits Glioblastoma-Initiating Cell Invasiveness and Proliferation","volume":"15","author":"Hassani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-022-00969-2","article-title":"Hypoxia-induced GLT8D1 promotes glioma stem cell maintenance by inhibiting CD133 degradation through N-linked glycosylation","volume":"29","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2023.105235","article-title":"O-GlcNAc transferase promotes glioblastoma by modulating genes responsible for cell survival, invasion, and inflammation","volume":"299","author":"Sheikh","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giurini, E.F., Pappas, S.G., and Gupta, K.H. (2026). Sweet Surprises: Decoding Tumor-Associated Glycosylation in Cancer Progression and Therapeutic Potential. Cells, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15030233"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-018-0183-3","article-title":"A tension-mediated glycocalyx-integrin feedback loop promotes mesenchymal-like glioblastoma","volume":"20","author":"Barnes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25752","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.25752","article-title":"A bulky glycocalyx fosters metastasis formation by promoting G1 cell cycle progression","volume":"6","author":"Woods","year":"2017","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-021-01925-7","article-title":"Glioma stem cells invasive phenotype at optimal stiffness is driven by MGAT5 dependent mechanosensing","volume":"40","author":"Marhuenda","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2101956","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202101956","article-title":"Glycomaterials to Investigate the Functional Role of Aberrant Glycosylation in Glioblastoma","volume":"11","author":"Tondepu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.02.001","article-title":"Sialoglycans and Siglecs Can Shape the Tumor Immune Microenvironment","volume":"41","author":"Santegoets","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2022.04.052","article-title":"GALNT12 is associated with the malignancy of glioma and promotes glioblastoma multiforme in vitro by activating Akt signaling","volume":"610","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-025-02267-0","article-title":"Glioblastoma multiforme: Insights into pathogenesis, key signaling pathways, and therapeutic strategies","volume":"24","author":"Pouyan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eady5196","DOI":"10.1126\/science.ady5196","article-title":"Sialylated CD43 forms a glyco-immune barrier that restrains antileukemic immunity","volume":"392","author":"Chung","year":"2026","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, M., Hutter, G., Kahn, S.A., Azad, T.D., Gholamin, S., Xu, C.Y., Liu, J., Achrol, A.S., Richard, C., and Sommerkamp, P. (2016). Anti-CD47 Treatment Stimulates Phagocytosis of Glioblastoma by M1 and M2 Polarized Macrophages and Promotes M1 Polarized Macrophages In Vivo. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153550"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1721434116","article-title":"Microglia are effector cells of CD47-SIRPalpha antiphagocytic axis disruption against glioblastoma","volume":"116","author":"Hutter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3693","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1907921117","article-title":"Glioblastomas exploit truncated O-linked glycans for local and distant immune modulation via the macrophage galactose-type lectin","volume":"117","author":"Dusoswa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-024-01142-0","article-title":"Engagement of sialylated glycans with Siglec receptors on suppressive myeloid cells inhibits anticancer immunity via CCL2","volume":"21","author":"Wieboldt","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hauselmann, I., and Borsig, L. (2014). Altered tumor-cell glycosylation promotes metastasis. Front. Oncol., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2014.00028"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21550-4","article-title":"Sialic acids in pancreatic cancer cells drive tumour-associated macrophage differentiation via the Siglec receptors Siglec-7 and Siglec-9","volume":"12","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cornelissen, L.A.M., Santegoets, K.C.M., Kers-Rebel, E.D., Bossmann, S., Ter Laan, M., Granado, D., and Adema, G.J. (2024). Glioma-Associated Sialoglycans Drive the Immune Suppressive Phenotype and Function of Myeloid Cells. Pharmaceutics, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16070953"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pace, A., Scirocchi, F., Napoletano, C., Zizzari, I.G., D\u2019Angelo, L., Santoro, A., Nuti, M., Rahimi, H., and Rughetti, A. (2022). Glycan-Lectin Interactions as Novel Immunosuppression Drivers in Glioblastoma. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23116312"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648995","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2019.1648995","article-title":"Glycan modification of glioblastoma-derived extracellular vesicles enhances receptor-mediated targeting of dendritic cells","volume":"8","author":"Dusoswa","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-019-0317-6","article-title":"Decoding the sweet regulation of apoptosis: The role of glycosylation and galectins in apoptotic signaling pathways","volume":"26","author":"Seyrek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12917","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M116.729236","article-title":"Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition Induces Aberrant Glycosylation through Hexosamine Biosynthetic Pathway Activation","volume":"291","author":"Lucena","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Micheau, O. (2018). Regulation of TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand Signaling by Glycosylation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19030715"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2016.150","article-title":"N-glycosylation of mouse TRAIL-R and human TRAIL-R1 enhances TRAIL-induced death","volume":"24","author":"Dufour","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.14742","article-title":"Death receptor 5 is activated by fucosylation in colon cancer cells","volume":"286","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43123","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.262741","article-title":"GDP-mannose-4,6-dehydratase (GMDS) deficiency renders colon cancer cells resistant to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) receptor- and CD95-mediated apoptosis by inhibiting complex II formation","volume":"286","author":"Moriwaki","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22982","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.211375","article-title":"Sialylation of the Fas death receptor by ST6Gal-I provides protection against Fas-mediated apoptosis in colon carcinoma cells","volume":"286","author":"Swindall","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1627","article-title":"Death-receptor O-glycosylation controls tumor-cell sensitivity to the proapoptotic ligand Apo2L\/TRAIL","volume":"13","author":"Wagner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2839","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-18-1991","article-title":"DR4-Ser424 O-GlcNAcylation Promotes Sensitization of TRAIL-Tolerant Persisters and TRAIL-Resistant Cancer Cells to Death","volume":"79","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-018-01103-y","article-title":"Elucidation for modulation of death receptor (DR) 5 to strengthen apoptotic signals in cancer cells","volume":"42","author":"Min","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0809","DOI":"10.34133\/research.0809","article-title":"Combinational Analysis of Metabolomic and O-GlcNAcylation Omics Reveals the HBP Metabolic Regulation of Chemoresistance via GFPT1\/NR3C1 O-GlcNAcylation\/GPX4 Axis","volume":"8","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Research"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1021\/cb4004173","article-title":"Probing the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway in human tumor cells by multitargeted tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"8","author":"Ryczko","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3367","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31035-7","article-title":"Antigen glycosylation regulates efficacy of CAR T cells targeting CD19","volume":"13","author":"Heard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabg3072","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abg3072","article-title":"Disrupting N-glycan expression on tumor cells boosts chimeric antigen receptor T cell efficacy against solid malignancies","volume":"14","author":"Greco","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10024","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.24.10024","article-title":"Expression of immunoglobulin-T-cell receptor chimeric molecules as functional receptors with antibody-type specificity","volume":"86","author":"Gross","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.2.720","article-title":"Specific activation and targeting of cytotoxic lymphocytes through chimeric single chains consisting of antibody-binding domains and the gamma or zeta subunits of the immunoglobulin and T-cell receptors","volume":"90","author":"Eshhar","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.181.5.1653","article-title":"Signals through T-Cell Receptor-Zeta Chain Alone Are Insufficient to Prime Resting T-Lymphocytes","volume":"181","author":"Brocker","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6106","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-06-1183","article-title":"A phase I study on adoptive immunotherapy using gene-modified T cells for ovarian cancer","volume":"12","author":"Kershaw","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2006.05.9964","article-title":"Treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma with autologous T-lymphocytes genetically retargeted against carbonic anhydrase IX: First clinical experience","volume":"24","author":"Lamers","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10995","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-06-0160","article-title":"CD28 costimulation provided through a CD19-specific chimeric antigen receptor enhances persistence and antitumor efficacy of adoptively transferred T cells","volume":"66","author":"Kowolik","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2009.83","article-title":"Chimeric receptors containing CD137 signal transduction domains mediate enhanced survival of T cells and increased antileukemic efficacy in vivo","volume":"17","author":"Milone","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02269-w","article-title":"CAR-T cell therapy for cancer: Current challenges and future directions","volume":"10","author":"Zugasti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-18-2035","article-title":"FDA Approval Summary: Tisagenlecleucel for Treatment of Patients with Relapsed or Refractory B-cell Precursor Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia","volume":"25","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2531","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1707447","article-title":"Axicabtagene Ciloleucel CAR T-Cell Therapy in Refractory Large B-Cell Lymphoma","volume":"377","author":"Neelapu","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7080","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.27389","article-title":"EGFR806-CAR T cells selectively target a tumor-restricted EGFR epitope in glioblastoma","volume":"10","author":"Ravanpay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-13-0879","article-title":"EGFR Variant Heterogeneity in Glioblastoma Resolved through Single-Nucleus Sequencing","volume":"4","author":"Francis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown, C.E., Warden, C.D., Starr, R., Deng, X., Badie, B., Yuan, Y.C., Forman, S.J., and Barish, M.E. (2013). Glioma IL13Ralpha2 is associated with mesenchymal signature gene expression and poor patient prognosis. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0077769"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaa0984","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaa0984","article-title":"A single dose of peripherally infused EGFRvIII-directed CAR T cells mediates antigen loss and induces adaptive resistance in patients with recurrent glioblastoma","volume":"9","author":"Nasrallah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-16-0376","article-title":"Transgenic Expression of IL15 Improves Antiglioma Activity of IL13R\u03b12-CAR T Cells but Results in Antigen Loss Variants","volume":"5","author":"Krenciute","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6846","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-17-0890","article-title":"Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Variant III (EGFRvIII) Positivity in EGFR-Amplified Glioblastomas: Prognostic Role and Comparison between Primary and Recurrent Tumors","volume":"23","author":"Felsberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nov013","article-title":"Changes in the EGFR amplification and EGFRvIII expression between paired primary and recurrent glioblastomas","volume":"17","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcpro.2022.100216","article-title":"In-Depth Matrisome and Glycoproteomic Analysis of Human Brain Glioblastoma Versus Control Tissue","volume":"21","author":"Sethi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Proteom."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4693","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.1c00251","article-title":"Extracellular Matrix Proteome Remodeling in Human Glioblastoma and Medulloblastoma","volume":"20","author":"Angeli","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Araiza, G., Morel, J., Tran, M.H., Jiang, S., Murray, S., Miyamoto, E., Vogts, H., Brown, K.L., Meiler, J., and Martina, C.E. (2025). Glycan masking in immunogen design: Computational and experimental methods. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1726810"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4334","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1503262112","article-title":"N-Glycosylation as determinant of epidermal growth factor receptor conformation in membranes","volume":"112","author":"Kaszuba","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2378","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.06-5995fje","article-title":"N-linked glycosylation of IL-13R\u03b12 is essential for optimal IL-13 inhibitory activity","volume":"20","author":"Kioi","year":"2006","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3546","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-58740-3","article-title":"Targeting site-specific N-glycosylated B7H3 induces potent antitumor immunity","volume":"16","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-025-00920-x","article-title":"Exploring tumor-associated macrophages in glioblastoma: From diversity to therapy","volume":"9","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Precis. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002500","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-002500","article-title":"PD-L1 CAR effector cells induce self-amplifying cytotoxic effects against target cells","volume":"10","author":"Bajor","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13132","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0605251103","article-title":"A2A adenosine receptor protects tumors from antitumor T cells","volume":"103","author":"Ohta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37437","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-21272-3","article-title":"Modulation of the blood-brain barrier permeability by patient-derived glioblastoma stem cell secretome","volume":"15","author":"Sica","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119ra114","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003197","article-title":"CXCL12-induced monocyte-endothelial interactions promote lymphocyte transmigration across an in vitro blood-brain barrier","volume":"4","author":"Man","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3302","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201545632","article-title":"Migration of encephalitogenic CD8 T cells into the central nervous system is dependent on the \u03b14\u03b21-integrin","volume":"45","author":"Pignolet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.21569","article-title":"Generation of novel, secreted epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR\/ErbB1) isoforms via metalloprotease-dependent ectodomain shedding and exosome secretion","volume":"103","author":"Sanderson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-020-0792-2","article-title":"CAR T-cells that target acute B-lineage leukemia irrespective of CD19 expression","volume":"35","author":"Fousek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wasim, L., Buhari, F.H.M., Yoganathan, M., Sicard, T., Ereno-Orbea, J., Julien, J.P., and Treanor, B. (2019). N-Linked Glycosylation Regulates CD22 Organization and Function. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00699"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3982","article-title":"Glycosylation in cancer: Mechanisms and clinical implications","volume":"15","author":"Pinho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kr\u00f6ger, N., Gribben, J., Chabannon, C., Yakoub-Agha, I., and Einsele, H. (2022). Tumour Escape from CAR-T Cells. The EBMT\/EHA CAR-T Cell Handbook, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-94353-0"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-18-0442","article-title":"Tumor Antigen Escape from CAR T-cell Therapy","volume":"8","author":"Majzner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2019003293","article-title":"Sequential CD19-22 CAR T therapy induces sustained remission in children with r\/r B-ALL","volume":"135","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2023022499","article-title":"BCMA- or GPRC5D-targeting bispecific antibodies in multiple myeloma: Efficacy, safety, and resistance mechanisms","volume":"143","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e751","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(24)00176-5","article-title":"Anti-BCMA\/GPRC5D bispecific CAR T cells in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: A single-arm, single-centre, phase 1 trial","volume":"11","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1002\/prot.25314","article-title":"Role of N-glycosylation in EGFR ectodomain ligand binding","volume":"85","author":"Kannan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proteins"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, Y., Zhang, F., Li, J., and Li, Y. (2024). Diverse perspectives on proteomic posttranslational modifications to address EGFR-TKI resistance in non-small cell lung cancer. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2024.1436033"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30215","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.370015","article-title":"Characterization and Immunotherapeutic Implications for a Novel Antibody Targeting Interleukin (IL)-13 Receptor \u03b12","volume":"287","author":"Balyasnikova","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nou045","article-title":"Significance of interleukin-13 receptor alpha 2-targeted glioblastoma therapy","volume":"16","author":"Thaci","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2561","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1610497","article-title":"Regression of Glioblastoma after Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy","volume":"375","author":"Brown","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80208","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.20303","article-title":"Mesothelin as a novel biomarker and immunotherapeutic target in human glioblastoma","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omton.2026.201148","article-title":"Mesothelin biology and the evolving landscape of targeted immunotherapy","volume":"34","author":"Boisgard","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2560","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-18-0432","article-title":"CAR T Cells Targeting B7-H3, a Pan-Cancer Antigen, Demonstrate Potent Preclinical Activity Against Pediatric Solid Tumors and Brain Tumors","volume":"25","author":"Majzner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3425","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-15-2428","article-title":"Molecular Pathways: Targeting B7-H3 (CD276) for Human Cancer Immunotherapy","volume":"22","author":"Picarda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-09-1322","article-title":"HER2-specific T cells target primary glioblastoma stem cells and induce regression of autologous experimental tumors","volume":"16","author":"Ahmed","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2017.0184","article-title":"HER2-Specific Chimeric Antigen Receptor\u2013Modified Virus-Specific T Cells for Progressive Glioblastoma: A Phase 1 Dose-Escalation Trial","volume":"3","author":"Ahmed","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04489-4","article-title":"GD2-CAR T cell therapy for H3K27M-mutated diffuse midline gliomas","volume":"603","author":"Majzner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4987","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-31216-4","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles released from ganglioside GD2-expressing melanoma cells enhance the malignant properties of GD2-negative melanomas","volume":"13","author":"Yesmin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2288","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M117.811299","article-title":"Ligand-activated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling governs endocytic trafficking of unliganded receptor monomers by non-canonical phosphorylation","volume":"293","author":"Tanaka","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Treda, C., Wlodarczyk, A., Pacholczyk, M., Rutkowska, A., Stoczynska-Fidelus, E., Kierasinska, A., and Rieske, P. (2023). Increased EGFRvIII Epitope Accessibility after Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Treatment of Glioblastoma Cells Creates More Opportunities for Immunotherapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054350"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66491","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.11582","article-title":"Metabolic flux-driven sialylation alters internalization, recycling, and drug sensitivity of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in SW1990 pancreatic cancer cells","volume":"7","author":"Mathew","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2828","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2012.211","article-title":"Galectin-3 Regulates Intracellular Trafficking of EGFR through Alix and Promotes Keratinocyte Migration","volume":"132","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2107453119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2107453119","article-title":"O-GlcNAcylation regulates epidermal growth factor receptor intracellular trafficking and signaling","volume":"119","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200307137","article-title":"Distinct roles for ADAM10 and ADAM17 in ectodomain shedding of six EGFR ligands","volume":"164","author":"Sahin","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_163","first-page":"483","article-title":"Developing a multimodal therapy for glioblastoma using oncolytic virus delivering CD19 and EGFRvIII antigens and bi-specific CARs","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.str.2010.01.003","article-title":"Molecular Basis for Shared Cytokine Recognition Revealed in the Structure of an Unusually High Affinity Complex between IL-13 and IL-13a2","volume":"18","author":"Lupardus","year":"2010","journal-title":"Structure"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2019-0446OC","article-title":"N-Glycosylation Regulates Chitinase 3-like-1 and IL-13 Ligand Binding to IL-13 Receptor alpha2","volume":"63","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2008.06.022","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinase 8 contributes to solubilization of IL-13 receptor alpha2 in vivo","volume":"122","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.2217\/imt.16.4","article-title":"Mesothelin as a Target for Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Modified T Cells as Anticancer Therapy","volume":"8","author":"Stashwick","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunotherapy"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2202439119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2202439119","article-title":"Highly active CAR T cells that bind to a juxtamembrane region of mesothelin and are not blocked by shed mesothelin","volume":"119","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2024.01.011","article-title":"Mesothelin antigen density influences anti-mesothelin chimeric antigen receptor T cell cytotoxicity","volume":"26","author":"Chu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e186268","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.186268","article-title":"Affinity-tuned mesothelin CAR T cells demonstrate enhanced targeting specificity and reduced off-tumor toxicity","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1158\/2767-9764.CRC-22-0306","article-title":"Structures of Cancer Antigen Mesothelin and Its Complexes with Therapeutic Antibodies","volume":"3","author":"Zhan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-1711-1","article-title":"Modified CAR T cells targeting membrane-proximal epitope of mesothelin enhances the antitumor function against large solid tumor","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e010083","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2024-010083","article-title":"Novel B7-H3 CAR T cells show potent antitumor effects in glioblastoma: A preclinical study","volume":"13","author":"Inthanachai","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Babic, D., Jovcevska, I., and Zottel, A. (2024). B7-H3 in glioblastoma and beyond: Significance and therapeutic strategies. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1495283"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2025.08.008","article-title":"The B7-H3 (CD276) pathway: Emerging biology and clinical therapeutics","volume":"46","author":"Corrigan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-026-02672-y","article-title":"CD276 immature glycosylation drives colorectal cancer aggressiveness and T cell mediated immune escape","volume":"24","author":"Soares","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3762","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.85813","article-title":"B7-H3 in Brain Malignancies: Immunology and Immunotherapy","volume":"19","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e009110","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2024-009110","article-title":"Preclinical evaluation of antigen-sensitive B7-H3-targeting nanobody-based CAR-T cells in glioblastoma cautions for on-target, off-tumor toxicity","volume":"12","author":"Meeus","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01404-8","article-title":"Locoregional infusion of HER2-specific CAR T cells in children and young adults with recurrent or refractory CNS tumors: An interim analysis","volume":"27","author":"Vitanza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1038\/s41435-024-00275-6","article-title":"HER2-targeting CAR-T cells show highly efficient anti-tumor activity against glioblastoma both in vitro and in vivo","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Genes. Immun."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"vdad024","DOI":"10.1093\/noajnl\/vdad024","article-title":"HER2 chimeric antigen receptor T cell immunotherapy is an effective treatment for diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-007-9424-1","article-title":"Low HER2-expressing glioblastomas are more often secondary to anaplastic transformation of low-grade glioma","volume":"85","author":"Mineo","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neuro-Oncol."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43006","DOI":"10.1038\/srep43006","article-title":"Cellular glycosylation affects Herceptin binding and sensitivity of breast cancer cells to doxorubicin and growth factors","volume":"7","author":"Peiris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3719","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-021-01801-w","article-title":"ST6Gal1 targets the ectodomain of ErbB2 in a site-specific manner and regulates gastric cancer cell sensitivity to trastuzumab","volume":"40","author":"Duarte","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3036","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI83416","article-title":"Tandem CAR T cells targeting HER2 and IL13R\u03b12 mitigate tumor antigen escape","volume":"126","author":"Hegde","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00310922","article-title":"Disialoganglioside GD2 in human neuroectodermal tumor cell lines and gliomas","volume":"82","author":"Longee","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.70011","article-title":"GD2 is a Crucial Ganglioside in the Signal Modulation and Application as a Target of Cancer Therapeutics","volume":"116","author":"Furukawa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-021-00233-9","article-title":"GD2 CAR T cells against human glioblastoma","volume":"5","author":"Prapa","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Precis. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-024-00506-z","article-title":"Autologous anti-GD2 CAR T cells efficiently target primary human glioblastoma","volume":"8","author":"Chiavelli","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Precis. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Philippova, J., Shevchenko, J., and Sennikov, S. (2024). GD2-targeting therapy: A comparative analysis of approaches and promising directions. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1371345"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-025-01079-1","article-title":"GD2: Hopes and challenges for the treatment of pediatric patients with tumors of the central nervous system","volume":"9","author":"Rossi","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Precis. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Machy, P., Mortier, E., and Birkle, S. (2023). Biology of GD2 ganglioside: Implications for cancer immunotherapy. Front. Pharmacol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1249929"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29007","article-title":"Structural design of disialoganglioside GD2 and CD3-bispecific antibodies to redirect T cells for tumor therapy","volume":"136","author":"Cheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-025-03764-0","article-title":"The safety and efficacy of GD2-targeted CAR-T cells in patients with neuroblastoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Habibi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4544","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-99-116019","article-title":"Combining De-Glycosylating Agents with CAR-T Cells for Targeting Solid Tumors and Reducing Toxicity","volume":"132","author":"Greco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.445","article-title":"Modulating mesothelin shedding to improve therapy","volume":"3","author":"Pastan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-020-01464-5","article-title":"Multiple proteases are involved in mesothelin shedding by cancer cells","volume":"3","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11246","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-66102-2","article-title":"Tuning CAR-T cells by targeting cancer-associated glycan in pancreatic cancer","volume":"16","author":"Park","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Bousser, E., Festjens, N., Plets, E., Meuris, L., Vuylsteke, L., Fijalkowska, D., Van Hecke, A., Wyseure, E., Goossens, M., and De Pryck, L. (2023). N-glycosylation engineering in chimeric antigen receptor T cells enhances anti-tumor activity. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.01.23.525164"},{"key":"ref_200","unstructured":"Callewaert, N., Festjens, N., and De Bousser, E. (2022). Glyco-Engineered CAR-T Cells. (US20250064932A1), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lau, L.S., Suarez, M., Fernandez, B., Souchak, J., Antonopoulos, A., Hu, N., Abreu, M.M., Koehne, G., Dell, A., and Haslam, S.M. (2026). Glycoengineering CAR-T cells to overcome galectin-3-mediated immunosuppression. Front. Immunol., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1766555"},{"key":"ref_202","first-page":"A349","article-title":"306 N-glycosylation inhibition hinders immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment cells improving CAR T cell efficacy","volume":"11","author":"Sirini","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1038\/s41589-020-0622-x","article-title":"Targeted glycan degradation potentiates the anticancer immune response in vivo","volume":"16","author":"Gray","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s42485-021-00066-x","article-title":"Digging deeper into the immunopeptidome: Characterization of post-translationally modified peptides presented by MHC I","volume":"12","author":"Mangalaparthi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Proteins Proteom."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-06579-7","article-title":"Diversity of post-translational modifications and cell signaling revealed by single cell and single organelle mass spectrometry","volume":"7","author":"Mun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4132","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39828-0","article-title":"Detecting diagnostic features in MS\/MS spectra of post-translationally modified peptides","volume":"14","author":"Geiszler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2021-146651","article-title":"Antigen Glycosylation Is a Central Regulator of CAR T Cell Efficacy","volume":"138","author":"Heard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15148","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1920662117","article-title":"Structure-guided engineering of the affinity and specificity of CARs against Tn-glycopeptides","volume":"117","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2607","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.93806","article-title":"Glycosylation Targeting: A Paradigm Shift in Cancer Immunotherapy","volume":"20","author":"Ren","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2014.09.003","article-title":"2-Deoxy-D-glucose targeting of glucose metabolism in cancer cells as a potential therapy","volume":"355","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1900937","article-title":"Blockade of N-Glycosylation Promotes Antitumor Immune Response of T Cells","volume":"204","author":"Sasawatari","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(23)00246-2","article-title":"gamma-Secretase inhibitor in combination with BCMA chimeric antigen receptor T-cell immunotherapy for individuals with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: A phase 1, first-in-human trial","volume":"24","author":"Cowan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1021\/acsptsci.2c00153","article-title":"Disrupting N-Glycosylation Using Type I Mannosidase Inhibitors Alters B-Cell Receptor Signaling","volume":"5","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Pharmacol. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002.e1001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtct.2025.09.003","article-title":"Impact of Gamma-Secretase Inhibition on Outcomes Following BCMA CAR-T Therapy in Multiple Myeloma: A Comparison of Two Phase 1 Trials","volume":"31","author":"Portuguese","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transplant. Cell Ther."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e012822","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2025-012822","article-title":"Tandem CAR-T cells targeting mesothelin and MUC16 overcome tumor heterogeneity by targeting one antigen at a time","volume":"13","author":"Birocchi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1158\/2643-3230.BCD-20-0122","article-title":"Dual Targeting with CAR T Cells to Limit Antigen Escape in Multiple Myeloma","volume":"1","author":"Simon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, M., Xue, B., Miao, X., and Gao, Z. (2025). Overcoming immunotherapy resistance in glioblastoma: Challenges and emerging strategies. Front. Pharmacol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1584688"}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/15\/12\/1087\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T04:14:49Z","timestamp":1782274489000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/15\/12\/1087"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"references-count":217,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["cells15121087"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells15121087","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]}}}