{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T17:50:43Z","timestamp":1782237043648,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scientific Research Project of Jilin Provincial Education Department","award":["JJKH20250326KJ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JJKH20250326KJ"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The multifaceted oncogenic role of teratocarcinoma-derived growth factor 1 (TDGF1) in colon cancer remains incompletely understood. Through integrative bioinformatic and functional analyses, we identified a novel competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) axis wherein the long non-coding RNA OLMALINC directly sponges hsa-miR-3614-5p, leading to the derepression of TDGF1. This OLMALINC\/miR-3614-5p\/TDGF1 axis promoted colon cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and anti-apoptosis in vitro, whereas TDGF1 knockdown significantly suppressed tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistically, TDGF1 co-activated oncogenic signaling via the Thr88-dependent Nodal\/Smad2 cascade and the Glypican-1-mediated MAPK\/AKT pathway. Beyond cell-autonomous effects, transcriptomic and single-cell analyses revealed that elevated TDGF1 correlates with an immunosuppressive microenvironment, characterized by reduced immune infiltration and altered LGALS9-CD44 malignant-T cell communication. Clinically, high TDGF1 expression in a tissue microarray cohort was significantly associated with advanced T stage, reduced expression of specific mismatch repair proteins (MLH1\/PMS2), and poor overall survival. Collectively, this study delineates the OLMALINC\/miR-3614-5p\/TDGF1 regulatory circuit and establishes TDGF1 as a multifaceted driver of tumor progression, highlighting its potential as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target in colon cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15131141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T17:11:49Z","timestamp":1782234709000},"page":"1141","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["TDGF1 Mediates the Oncogenic Effects of the OLMALINC\/miR-3614-5p ceRNA Axis in Colon Cancer Through Nodal\/Smad2 and Glypican-1\/MAPK-AKT Signaling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Feng","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8229-1638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiawei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuo","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Joint Research Center of Stem Cell Bank, Ministry of Science and Technology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Joint Research Center of Stem Cell Bank, Ministry of Science and Technology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5380-2021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lihua","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guannan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Joint Research Center of Stem Cell Bank, Ministry of Science and Technology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongli","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Joint Research Center of Stem Cell Bank, Ministry of Science and Technology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoguang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000001474","article-title":"Changing profiles of cancer burden worldwide and in China: A secondary analysis of the global cancer statistics 2020","volume":"134","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. 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