{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T19:01:19Z","timestamp":1785438079706,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Central Guidance on Local Science and Technology Development Fund of Tibet","award":["XZ202301YD0040C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XZ202301YD0040C"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32260173"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32260173"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["31871427"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31871427"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["32260173"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32260173"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["31871427"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31871427"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Zhongnan Hospital-Taikang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences) of Wuhan University Joint Foundation","award":["JCZN2025005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCZN2025005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Exposure to ultraviolet (UV), particularly UVA radiation, is a primary driver of photoaging due to its deep dermal penetration, which triggers DNA damage, collagen degradation, and immune suppression. Chebulinic acid (CA), a polyphenolic compound from Terminalia chebula, exhibits potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties against UVB-induced skin damage. However, its large molecular weight hinders transdermal delivery and the TAT47\u201357 peptide (core of HIV-1 TAT) enables rapid transmembrane transport. Large particles with double-layer membrane structure and a diameter exceeding 1000 nm were obtained during the separation of plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (PELNs), which are not considered as PELNs (50\u2013500 nm), after a mixture with TAT anchored to the surface of engineered artificial vesicles (EAVs) and extrusion causes membrane fusion, employed as novel nanocarriers to overcome the difficulty in skin penetration by leveraging their lipid bilayer structure and surface membrane-anchored TAT for efficient epidermal fusion and intercellular penetration. Furthermore, CA-loaded TAT-ePELNs demonstrate significant efficacy in mitigating UVA-induced photoaging. Collectively, this study expands the anti-UVR damage application spectrum of CA from UVB to UVA exposure and establishes a green, efficient, and biosafe strategy for transdermal drug delivery by utilization of non-PELNs generated during the preparation process of PELNs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15141235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T15:40:09Z","timestamp":1783525209000},"page":"1235","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Membrane Fusion-Based Mirabilis Himalaica-Derived Exosome-like Nanoparticles Fused with Cell-Penetrating Peptide Mediated for Chebulinic Acid Delivery Against UVA-Induced Photoaging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Weiwei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Environment on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Xizang University, Lhasa 850000, China"},{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siqi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Taikang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruobing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaozhi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Taikang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4451-7135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guihong","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Taikang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7680-0272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingxiong","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Environment on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Xizang University, Lhasa 850000, China"},{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernerd, F., Passeron, T., Castiel, I., and Marionnet, C. 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