{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:17:24Z","timestamp":1785403044750,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007397","name":"Charles University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GA UK No. 140724"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GA UK No. 140724"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007397","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["GA UK No. 140724"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GA UK No. 140724"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/024d6js02","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Cooperatio Program provided by Charles University"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/024d6js02","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/024d6js02","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly aggressive brain tumor characterized by rapid development of chemoresistance and poor patient survival. Due to the limited efficacy of current therapeutic protocols, alternative approaches are needed. One potential strategy is combined treatment with DNA-damaging and microtubule-targeting agents. This study investigated the biological effects of temozolomide (TMZ) and flubendazole (FLU) co-treatment in cultured GBM cells. Three GBM cell lines (A172, T98G, and U118MG) with different molecular profiles were treated with TMZ, FLU, or their combination. Treatment effects were evaluated using WST-1 assay, microscopy, flow cytometry, RT-PCR, and Western blotting. Drug accumulation in tumor and brain tissues was additionally analyzed in a nu-nu mouse model using LC\/MS. Combined TMZ and FLU treatment reduced cell proliferation compared with untreated control and TMZ monotherapy in the tested GBM cell lines. FLU-containing treatments were associated with morphological alterations, caspase activation, altered microtubule organization, and G2\/M cell cycle accumulation. In addition, co-administration of TMZ and FLU affected drug accumulation in vitro and in brain and tumor tissues in vivo. These findings suggest that the microtubule targeting may modulate the response of GBM cells to TMZ. However, the pharmacological interaction and potential relevance of TMZ + FLU co-treatment require further preclinical validation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15141239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T10:16:22Z","timestamp":1783592182000},"page":"1239","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Effect of the Combination of Temozolomide and Flubendazole on Glioblastoma Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4538-6432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katerina","family":"Kapickova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Simkova 870, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbora","family":"Vitovcova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 1655\/76, 323 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronika","family":"Skarkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Simkova 870, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0528-1334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radim","family":"Havelek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Simkova 870, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Skarka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradecka 1285, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hana","family":"Vosmikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Fingerland Department of Pathology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiri","family":"Soukup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Fingerland Department of Pathology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Military University Hospital Prague, U Vojenske Nemocnice 1200, 169 02 Prague, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Charles University, Studnickova 2039, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eliska","family":"Kohoutova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9421-5744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petra","family":"Matouskova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9526-3174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emil","family":"Rudolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Simkova 870, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1080\/02688697.2021.1907306","article-title":"The prognosis of glioblastoma: A large, multifactorial study","volume":"35","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. 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