{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T05:03:15Z","timestamp":1784178195038,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Peripheral nerve injuries (PNI) present a major clinical and socioeconomic challenge due to limited regenerative capacity. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) within the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of white adipose tissue offer a promising autologous source for regenerative support. This study evaluated the impact of mechanical processing CELT (Cell-Enriched Lipotransfer) and CELTPLUS and electrical stimulation on the regenerative secretome of human lipoaspirates. qPCR analysis revealed that CELTPLUS processing, which incorporates mechanical intersyringe shifting, significantly doubled the gene expression of nerve growth factor (NGF) (p = 0.015), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (p = 0.02), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) (p = 0.04) compared to CELT-processed lipoaspirate. Protein analysis via ELISA confirmed a time-dependent secretion of NGF and VEGF over 96 h. Furthermore, 24 h electrical stimulation (2 V) significantly enhanced NGF protein release (p &lt; 0.001). These findings demonstrate that standardized mechanical processing effectively enriches regenerative cell populations and amplifies their neurogenic and angiogenic potential. The additional modulation of growth factor secretion via electrical stimulation highlights the potential of processed adipose tissue as a functional, autologous transplant for enhanced nerve reconstruction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15141250","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T13:16:28Z","timestamp":1783689388000},"page":"1250","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Regenerative Potential of Autologously Processed White Adipose Tissue for Peripheral Nerve Regeneration: Evaluation of Growth Factor Profiles and Electrical Stimulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Tobias","family":"Egger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2141-8786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Eigenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3967-5841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliver","family":"Felthaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6788-0853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Ruewe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3898-940X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Sturz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0290-3452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Festbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dmytro","family":"Oliinyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8559-9726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Siegmund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Schimanski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Rosengarth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6166-4458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Deuter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Kreiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2454-2499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lukas","family":"Prantl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvan M.","family":"Eisenmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000010456","article-title":"Precise Monitoring of Returning Sensation in Digital-Nerve Lesions by Three-Dimensional Imaging: A Proof-of-Concept Study","volume":"152","author":"Ruewe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2009.07.002","article-title":"Effect of upper extremity nerve damage on activity participation, pain, depression, and quality of life","volume":"34","author":"Bailey","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.26502\/fjsrs0052","article-title":"Peripheral Nerve Regeneration: Opportunities and Challenges","volume":"5","author":"Supra","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Spine Res. Surg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7242","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-57757-w","article-title":"Socioeconomic factors and outcome after repair and reconstruction of digital and major nerve trunk injuries in the upper limb","volume":"14","author":"Frostadottir","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bergmeister, K.D., Gro\u00dfe-Hartlage, L., Daeschler, S.C., Rhodius, P., B\u00f6cker, A., Beyersdorff, M., Kern, A.O., Kneser, U., and Harhaus, L. (2020). Acute and long-term costs of 268 peripheral nerve injuries in the upper extremity. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0229530"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100937","article-title":"Advancing Peripheral Nerve Regeneration (Nerve SPACE 2025)","volume":"8","author":"Porche","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Glob. Online"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000010088","article-title":"A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Nerve Gap Repair: Comparative Effectiveness of Allografts, Autografts, and Conduits","volume":"151","author":"Lans","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2012.08.028","article-title":"Functional outcome following nerve repair in the upper extremity using processed nerve allograft","volume":"37","author":"Cho","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.158369","article-title":"Nerve autografts and tissue-engineered materials for the repair of peripheral nerve injuries: A 5-year bibliometric analysis","volume":"10","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.116024","article-title":"Growth factors: Bioactive macromolecular drugs for peripheral nerve injury treatment\u2014Molecular mechanisms and delivery platforms","volume":"170","author":"Wan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-024-03753-w","article-title":"Harnessing three-dimensional porous chitosan microsphere embedded with adipose-derived stem cells to promote nerve regeneration","volume":"15","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2024.02.019","article-title":"Differentiated mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes immobilized in decellularized sciatic nerve hydrogels for peripheral nerve repair","volume":"368","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2010837","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202010837","article-title":"Magnetic Assembly of a Multifunctional Guidance Conduit for Peripheral Nerve Repair","volume":"31","author":"Giron","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-021-02528-x","article-title":"Biomimetic nerve guidance conduit containing engineered exosomes of adipose-derived stem cells promotes peripheral nerve regeneration","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"3515","article-title":"Comprehensive strategy of conduit guidance combined with VEGF producing Schwann cells accelerates peripheral nerve repair","volume":"6","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c11627","article-title":"Conductive Nerve Guidance Conduits Based on Morpho Butterfly Wings for Peripheral Nerve Repair","volume":"16","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5362","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25766-2","article-title":"Adipose tissue-derived neurotrophic factor 3 regulates sympathetic innervation and thermogenesis in adipose tissue","volume":"12","author":"Cui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2021.121244","article-title":"Sustained IGF-1 delivery ameliorates effects of chronic denervation and improves functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury and repair","volume":"280","author":"Hanwright","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-019-0338-1","article-title":"Growth factors-based therapeutic strategies and their underlying signaling mechanisms for peripheral nerve regeneration","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000002291","article-title":"Peripheral Motor and Sensory Nerve Conduction following Transplantation of Undifferentiated Autologous Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells in a Biodegradable U.S. Food and Drug Administration-Approved Nerve Conduit","volume":"138","author":"Klein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goncharov, E.N., Koval, O.A., Igorevich, E.I., Encarnacion Ramirez, M.D.J., Nurmukhametov, R., Valentinovich, K.K., and Montemurro, N. (2024). Analyzing the Clinical Potential of Stromal Vascular Fraction: A Comprehensive Literature Review. Medicina, 60.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60020221"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eigenberger, A., Felthaus, O., Schratzenstaller, T., Haerteis, S., Utpatel, K., and Prantl, L. (2022). The Effects of Shear Force-Based Processing of Lipoaspirates on White Adipose Tissue and the Differentiation Potential of Adipose Derived Stem Cells. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11162543"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8810813","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8810813","article-title":"Adipose-Derived Stem Cells: Current Applications and Future Directions in the Regeneration of Multiple Tissues","volume":"2020","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.13228","article-title":"Comparing mechanical and enzymatic isolation procedures to isolate adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction: A systematic review","volume":"32","author":"Uguten","year":"2024","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohan, S.P., Priya, S.P., Tawfig, N., Padmanabhan, V., Babiker, R., Palaniappan, A., Prabhu, S., Chaitanya, N.C., Rahman, M.M., and Islam, M.S. (2025). The Potential Role of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells in Regeneration of Peripheral Nerves. Neurol. Int., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/neurolint17020023"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2007.06.029","article-title":"Adipose-derived stem cells differentiate into a Schwann cell phenotype and promote neurite outgrowth in vitro","volume":"207","author":"Kingham","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X19666210203161559","article-title":"Exosomes as a Promising Therapeutic Strategy for Peripheral Nerve Injury","volume":"19","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prantl, L., Eigenberger, A., Reinhard, R., Siegmund, A., Heumann, K., and Felthaus, O. (2022). Cell-Enriched Lipotransfer (CELT) Improves Tissue Regeneration and Rejuvenation without Substantial Manipulation of the Adipose Tissue Graft. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11193159"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3987","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000003987","article-title":"Fat Grafting: Basic Science, Techniques, and Patient Management","volume":"10","author":"Shauly","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Glob. Open"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-012-9991-1","article-title":"Selection of donor site for fat grafting and cell isolation","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjac192","article-title":"Quality and Vitality of Autologous Fat Grafts Harvested by Different Techniques: A Clinical Comparison Study","volume":"42","author":"Luze","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aesthet. Surg. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000007343","article-title":"Shear Force Processing of Lipoaspirates for Stem Cell Enrichment Does Not Affect Secretome of Human Cells Detected by Mass Spectrometry In Vitro","volume":"146","author":"Prantl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schimanski, T., Prantl, L., Eigenberger, A., Felthaus, O., Loucas, R., Utpatel, K., and Steer, K. (2025). CELTPLUS Fat Increases the Metabolic Activity as Well as the SVF-Yield Significantly When Compared to CELT Fat, Even After Cryopreservation with DMSO. Cells, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14161270"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.2144\/btn-2022-0120","article-title":"An optimized TRIzol-based method for isolating RNA from adipose tissue","volume":"74","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biotechniques"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3401","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-021-02875-z","article-title":"Effects of Varied Stimulation Parameters on Adipose-Derived Stem Cell Response to Low-Level Electrical Fields","volume":"49","author":"Hlavac","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12076","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-48369-w","article-title":"Electrical stimulation promotes the angiogenic potential of adipose-derived stem cells","volume":"9","author":"Beugels","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, J.S., Reed, A., Chen, F., and Stewart, C.N. (2006). Statistical analysis of real-time PCR data. BMC Bioinform., 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-7-85"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-021-10236-5","article-title":"Augmenting Peripheral Nerve Regeneration with Adipose-Derived Stem Cells","volume":"18","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev. Rep."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/s00238-024-02196-z","article-title":"Potential benefits of adipose\u2013derived SVF and MSCs to regenerate damaged tissues from alloplastic synthetic materials","volume":"47","author":"Zocchi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klein, S., Siegmund, A., Eigenberger, A., Hartmann, V., Langewost, F., Hammer, N., Anker, A., Klein, K., Morsczeck, C., and Prantl, L. (2022). Peripheral Nerve Regeneration-Adipose-Tissue-Derived Stem Cells Differentiated by a Three-Step Protocol Promote Neurite Elongation via NGF Secretion. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11182887"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shang, K., Liu, Y., and Qadeer, A. (2025). Platelet-rich plasma in peripheral nerve injury repair: A comprehensive review of mechanisms, clinical applications, and therapeutic potential. Exp. Biol. Med., 250.","DOI":"10.3389\/ebm.2025.10746"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000006266","article-title":"Involvement of PDGF-BB and IGF-1 in Activation of Human Schwann Cells by Platelet-Rich Plasma","volume":"144","author":"Sowa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-17911","article-title":"Validation of endogenous controls for gene expression studies in human adipocytes and preadipocytes","volume":"33","author":"Gorzelniak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2020.05.020","article-title":"Prenylation of Axonally Translated Rac1 Controls NGF-Dependent Axon Growth","volume":"53","author":"Kuruvilla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-021-10002-x","article-title":"Suppression of HIV-associated Macrophage Activation by a p75 Neurotrophin Receptor Ligand","volume":"17","author":"Killebrew","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva-Hucha, S., Pastor, A.M., and Morcuende, S. (2021). Neuroprotective Effect of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor on Motoneurons of the Oculomotor System. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22020814"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lavorato, A., Raimondo, S., Boido, M., Muratori, L., Durante, G., Cofano, F., Vincitorio, F., Petrone, S., Titolo, P., and Tartara, F. (2021). Mesenchymal Stem Cell Treatment Perspectives in Peripheral Nerve Regeneration: Systematic Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22020572"}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/15\/14\/1250\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T04:13:14Z","timestamp":1784175194000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/15\/14\/1250"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["cells15141250"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells15141250","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]}}}