{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:01:39Z","timestamp":1785427299411,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]],"date-time":"2026-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81672920"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81672920"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["81672920"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81672920"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The heterogeneity of tumor cells facilitates their dynamic adaptation to tumor microenvironmental pressures throughout progression. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying intercellular communication and transformation among heterogeneous tumor cells remain inadequately understood. In this study, we indicate that Ephrin type-A receptor 2 (EphA2) is heterogeneously expressed in gastric cancer (GC) tumor cells, with those exhibiting elevated EphA2 (EphA2High) expression demonstrating enhanced migratory and invasive capabilities. EphA2High cells facilitate the transfer of EphA2 via exosomes, which subsequently localize on the membrane of EphA2Low cells, thereby activating the ERK signaling pathway in a ligand-independent manner. This process promotes the transformation of EphA2Low cells and contributes to the progression of GC. An investigation into the correlation between serum levels and tumor metastasis in patients with GC revealed that those with lymph node metastasis exhibited higher levels of serum exosomal EphA2. This study elucidates the process of dominant group formation within heterogeneous tumor cells and suggests the viability of exosomal EphA2 as a potential biomarker for further clinical investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15141253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T07:28:27Z","timestamp":1783927707000},"page":"1253","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exosomal EphA2 Promotes Gastric Cancer Progression by Inducing Phenotypic Transformation of Tumor Cells in a Ligand-Independent Manner"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0496-1234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linan","family":"Zhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China"},{"name":"Department of Sports Physiology and Biochemistry Teaching and Research Section, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang 110102, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Basic Medical Sciences of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Furong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0082-4723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wanming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuetong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Ba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"209","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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