{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T20:23:16Z","timestamp":1785529396758,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technological Development, and Innovation","award":["451-03-136\/2025-03\/200007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-136\/2025-03\/200007"]}]},{"award":["451-03-136\/2025-03\/200007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-136\/2025-03\/200007"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01znas443","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The menopausal transition is a key period marked by changes in cardiometabolic health and adrenal function, representing an important window for targeted interventions to improve women\u2019s health. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists improve metabolic parameters, while physical exercise provides well-established benefits; however, their effects during the menopausal transition remain insufficiently explored. This study examined the effects of liraglutide (0.186 mg\/kg; corresponding to the human equivalent dose of 1.8 mg\/day used for type 2 diabetes treatment) and exercise on the adrenal gland in a rat model of menopausal transition. Three-month-old females served as young controls (CY), while 16-month-old acyclic females were assigned to control (C), liraglutide (L), exercise (E), or combined treatment (L+E). Compared with CY, the C group showed increased body mass and adrenal alterations, including reduced adrenal weight and volume, cortical atrophy, increased collagen content, decreased STAR, and increased pAMPK\u03b1 optical density (p \u2264 0.05). Sf1 and Star were upregulated in L, E, and L+E compared with C, most prominently in L (p \u2264 0.05), while Cyp11b2 was increased in L and L+E (p \u2264 0.05). Hormone analysis showed reduced 17\u03b2-estradiol, corticosterone, and aldosterone in C compared with CY. Corticosterone was further reduced in L compared with C, while aldosterone increased in L and L+E compared with C (p \u2264 0.05). In conclusion, the menopausal transition induced adrenal morpho-functional remodeling. Liraglutide intervention had the greatest impact on steroidogenic output, both alone and in combination with exercise, while exercise alone showed no significant effect.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15141258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:55:21Z","timestamp":1783990521000},"page":"1258","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Changes in the Adrenal Cortex Induced by Liraglutide Treatment and Exercise in a Rat Model of Menopausal Transition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6237-4021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivona","family":"Gizdovi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biological Research \u201cSini\u0161a Stankovi\u0107\u201d\u2014National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5496-0619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Branka","family":"\u0160o\u0161i\u0107-Jurjevi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biological Research \u201cSini\u0161a Stankovi\u0107\u201d\u2014National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dragana","family":"Vlahovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biological Research \u201cSini\u0161a Stankovi\u0107\u201d\u2014National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0994-1280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nata\u0161a","family":"Risti\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biological Research \u201cSini\u0161a Stankovi\u0107\u201d\u2014National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0607-5594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irena","family":"Lavrnja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biological Research \u201cSini\u0161a Stankovi\u0107\u201d\u2014National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5352-763X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Branko","family":"Filipovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biological Research \u201cSini\u0161a Stankovi\u0107\u201d\u2014National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2664-3664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ljiljana","family":"Marina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infertility and Endocrinology of Gender, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9141-5732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Svetlana","family":"Trifunovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biological Research \u201cSini\u0161a Stankovi\u0107\u201d\u2014National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1089\/whr.2021.0119","article-title":"Adverse Changes in Body Composition During the Menopausal Transition and Relation to Cardiovascular Risk: A Contemporary Review","volume":"3","author":"Kodoth","year":"2022","journal-title":"Women\u2019s Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeong, H.G., and Park, H. 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