{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:14:28Z","timestamp":1785402868563,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t, Munich, Germany","award":["12\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t, Munich, Germany","award":["14\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14\/2022"]}]},{"name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t, Munich, Germany","award":["15\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15\/2022"]}]},{"award":["12\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05591te55","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["14\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14\/2022"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05591te55","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["15\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15\/2022"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05591te55","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Arteriogenesis, the growth of pre-existing collateral arteries in response to arterial occlusion, is critically regulated by perivascular immune cells. While innate immune contributions are well-established, the role of B lymphocytes remains poorly understood. We investigated the impact of B cell deficiency on arteriogenesis using B cell-deficient JHT mice in a murine hindlimb model of femoral artery ligation (FAL). Laser-Doppler perfusion imaging, immunofluorescence staining, Giemsa staining, flow cytometry, and differential blood counts were performed at defined time points after FAL. B cell-deficient mice exhibited significantly impaired perfusion recovery on days 3 and 7 post-FAL, accompanied by reduced collateral artery diameter growth and diminished vascular cell proliferation. Early immune analysis revealed elevated platelet\u2013neutrophil aggregate (PNA) formation and increased perivascular mast cell degranulation in B cell-deficient mice despite unchanged circulating cell counts. On day 7, perivascular M2-like macrophage numbers were selectively reduced. Furthermore, B cell deficiency disrupted the temporal reprogramming of \u03b3\u03b4 T cell subsets, impairing the shift from pro-inflammatory IFN-\u03b3-associated to anti-inflammatory IL-10-associated subpopulations. These findings demonstrate for the first time that B cells are essential coordinators of the sequential innate and regenerative immune response driving productive collateral artery growth, positioning them as potential targets for therapeutic arteriogenesis strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15151372","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T17:01:46Z","timestamp":1785344506000},"page":"1372","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["B Cell Deficiency Impairs Collateral Artery Growth by Influencing Early and Late Regenerative Inflammation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Matthias","family":"K\u00fcbler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Surgical Research, LMU University Hospital, LMU Medizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 81377 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Biomedical Center (BMC), LMU Medizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Oral- and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg and Uniklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0748-7741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda","family":"Geml","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Surgical Research, LMU University Hospital, LMU Medizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 81377 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Biomedical Center (BMC), LMU Medizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3734-3666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katharina","family":"Elbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Surgical Research, LMU University Hospital, LMU Medizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 81377 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Biomedical Center (BMC), LMU Medizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Munich Heart Alliance (MHA), Partner Site Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, German Heart Center, TUM University Hospital, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, 80636 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franziska","family":"Heim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Surgical Research, LMU University Hospital, LMU Medizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 81377 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Biomedical Center (BMC), LMU Medizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kira-Sofie","family":"Wimmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Surgical Research, LMU University Hospital, LMU Medizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 81377 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Biomedical Center (BMC), LMU Medizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3882-7088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolin","family":"Baur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Surgical Research, LMU University Hospital, LMU Medizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 81377 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Biomedical Center (BMC), LMU Medizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daphne","family":"Merkus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Surgical Research, LMU University Hospital, LMU Medizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 81377 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Munich Heart Alliance (MHA), Partner Site Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Experimental Cardiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2134-0966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Deindl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Surgical Research, LMU University Hospital, LMU Medizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 81377 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Biomedical Center (BMC), LMU Medizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2025). 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