{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T04:58:40Z","timestamp":1785560320640,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012645","name":"The University of Texas at Dallas","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012645","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/049emcs32","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000048","name":"American Cancer Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RSG-20-138-01-TBE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSG-20-138-01-TBE"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000048","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["RSG-20-138-01-TBE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSG-20-138-01-TBE"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02e463172","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Cancer cells live in a dynamic and favorable ecosystem conducive to their growth and survival, known as the tumor microenvironment (TME). The TME is replete with various proinflammatory cell types that mediate crosstalk via the secretion of cytokines and chemokines to facilitate tumor growth and development. One cardinal proinflammatory cytokine that is present in the TME is interleukin-1 (IL-1). IL-1 promotes tumor angiogenesis and cancer cell metastasis; thus IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) is of clinical interest. Our lab previously reported that chronic exposure to exogenous IL-1 can select for cancer cells that evolve insensitivity to IL-1 signaling, thus rendering IL-1-targeting therapies, like IL-1Ra, irrelevant. While immune cells are the primary source of TME IL-1, cancer cells can also produce and secrete IL-1 to engage in autocrine and\/or paracrine signaling. In this context, cancer cell exposure to multiple other sources of exogenous IL-1 beyond autocrine production might also amplify extrinsic IL-1 signaling in these cells, but the consequences of sustained amplified IL-1 signaling on the regulation, function, and therapeutic response of these cancer cells need to be explored. Methods: Using the IL-1-secreting 5637 bladder cancer (BlCa) cell line, we generated chronic IL-1 sublines by spiking the growth medium with additional IL-1\u03b1 or IL-1\u03b2 chronically for 6 months. Once established, we assessed subline acute IL-1 sensitivity, paracrine signaling and response to IL-1Ra. Results: Following chronic exposure to elevated exogenous IL-1 levels, the 5637 BlCa cell line retains sensitivity to acute IL-1 and IL-1Ra and maintains the ability to induce IL-1-dependent endothelial cell activation, which is reversed with IL-1Ra. These data suggest that for cancer cells that engage in cell autonomous IL-1 signaling, sustained extrinsic IL-1 exposure does not dampen IL-1 or IL-1Ra sensitivity, supporting the context-dependent use of IL-1 antagonists as rational therapeutics in both acute and chronic inflammatory TMEs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15151376","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T08:09:42Z","timestamp":1785398982000},"page":"1376","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bladder Cancer Cells Maintain Paracrine IL-1 Signaling and IL-1Ra Sensitivity Following Chronic IL-1 Exposure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jessica","family":"Gomez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meron","family":"Lakew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haley","family":"Wilkie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1357-3314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernice","family":"David","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oluwatamilore","family":"Taiwo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roopal","family":"Dhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anusha","family":"Akula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akshaykumar","family":"Thasma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Obinna","family":"Okafor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9482-3830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikki A.","family":"Delk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2026, April 13). 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