{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T21:45:33Z","timestamp":1790113533173,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Neuropathies are common complications of type 1 diabetes (T1D) and previous research demonstrated concomitant demyelinization involving myelin basic protein (MBP). T1D patients have a significantly increased risk of multiple sclerosis (MS) and vice versa. The causes are unknown. (2) Methods: Proteonomic searches using BLAST were used to identify similarities between T-cell receptor (TCR) sequences from T1D and MS patients. LALIGN was used to explore whether T1D-related proteins mimic MBP. Enzyme-linked immunoadsorption assay (ELISA) was used to test for cross-reactivity between T1D-related antibodies or sera with MBP. Ultraviolet spectroscopy was used to test whether T1D-specific T-cell receptor (TCR) sequences recognized MBP. (3) Results: BLAST revealed that a subset of T1D and MS TCR are nearly identical. Sequence similarities were found by LALIGN between MBP and T1D-associated antigens. Antibodies against insulin, PTPRN(IA-2), and GAD1 recognized MBP. Most TCR sequences derived from T1D patients recognized MBP as an antigen. Most T1D-derived sera recognize MBP, but healthy sera do not. BLAST revealed that coxsackievirus proteins do not mimic MBP, but many Clostridia proteins do. (4) Conclusions: Cross-reactivity between TID-related antibodies and TCR with MBP may help to explain the pathogenesis of T1D neuropathies and the increased co-occurrence of these two diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15151384","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T08:20:18Z","timestamp":1785486018000},"page":"1384","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Type 1 Diabetes-Associated Autoantibodies, Sera and T-Cell Receptor Sequences Recognize Myelin Basic Protein: A Novel Peripheral Diabetic Neuropathy\u2013Multiple Sclerosis Connection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3298-9306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Root-Bernstein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Emeritus Professor, Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.21037\/apm-22-693","article-title":"Diabetic peripheral neuropathy essentials: A narrative review","volume":"12","author":"Chang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. 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