{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T15:13:41Z","timestamp":1786115621695,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":172,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"AbbVie"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01722s951","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tissue repair and regeneration are highly coordinated multicellular processes that rely on the active resolution of inflammation rather than merely its passive cessation. Reciprocal orchestration among stromal, innate, and adaptive immune systems is key to maintaining or restoring tissue homeostasis from pathological perturbations. Macrophages serve as a central nexus of these responses, exhibiting dynamic functional plasticity that extends beyond dichotomous M1\/M2 classification. This review explores the evolving, context-dependent roles of macrophages in restoring tissue homeostasis, with a particular focus on efferocytosis and subsequent metabolic rewiring as key drivers of inflammation resolution. Furthermore, we highlight the bi-directional crosstalk between macrophages and heterogeneous fibroblast populations. While these stromal-myeloid interactions are essential for transient matrix remodeling and physiological healing, their sustained activation under inflammatory conditions drives maladaptive repair and fibrotic remodeling. We discuss how the defects and dysregulation of these cellular circuits contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders, as exemplified by recent findings in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic sclerosis (SSc), and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Finally, we evaluate emerging \u201cresolution therapies\u201d that aim to harness endogenous tissue-reparative programs of macrophages therapeutically to treat autoimmune diseases, including the application of specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) and macrophage reprogramming strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15151412","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T09:15:22Z","timestamp":1785834922000},"page":"1412","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Macrophages and the Tissue Repair Circuit: Homeostasis, Autoimmune Diseases, and Resolution-Based Therapeutic Strategies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8239-3714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenta","family":"Mosallanejad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AbbVie Cambridge Research Center, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cedric","family":"Hubeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AbbVie Cambridge Research Center, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"Schwartz Sterman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA 01605, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5516-4980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunhao","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AbbVie Cambridge Research Center, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265sr6","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3009337","article-title":"Wound Repair and Regeneration: Mechanisms, Signaling, and Translation","volume":"6","author":"Eming","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-061020-053734","article-title":"Tissue Homeostasis and Inflammation","volume":"39","author":"Meizlish","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.25.022106.141647","article-title":"Resolution Phase of Inflammation: Novel Endogenous Anti-Inflammatory and Proresolving Lipid Mediators and Pathways","volume":"25","author":"Serhan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2016.39","article-title":"Resolution of Inflammation: A New Therapeutic Frontier","volume":"15","author":"Fullerton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.02.015","article-title":"Macrophages in Tissue Repair, Regeneration, and Fibrosis","volume":"44","author":"Wynn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2448","article-title":"Exploring the Full Spectrum of Macrophage Activation","volume":"8","author":"Mosser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2023.10.004","article-title":"Macrophage Phenotypes and Functions: Resolving Inflammation and Restoring Homeostasis","volume":"44","author":"Franklin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2938-9","article-title":"Fibrosis: From Mechanisms to Medicines","volume":"587","author":"Henderson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.02.010","article-title":"Homeostasis, Inflammation, and Disease Susceptibility","volume":"160","author":"Kotas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u017burawek, M., Zi\u00f3\u0142kowska-Suchanek, I., and I\u017cykowska, K. (2025). Fibrosis in Immune-Mediated and Autoimmune Disorders. J. Clin. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14186636"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.05.015","article-title":"Immune Mechanisms in Fibrotic Interstitial Lung Disease","volume":"187","author":"Kamiya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2021.107879","article-title":"Resolution of Inflammation: An Organizing Principle in Biology and Medicine","volume":"227","author":"Panigrahy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gordon, S., and Pl\u00fcddemann, A. (2017). Tissue Macrophages: Heterogeneity and Functions. BMC Biol., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-017-0392-4"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2619","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI124615","article-title":"The Role of Macrophages in the Resolution of Inflammation","volume":"129","author":"Watanabe","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bohaud, C., Johansen, M.D., Jorgensen, C., Kremer, L., Ipseiz, N., and Djouad, F. (2021). The Role of Macrophages During Mammalian Tissue Remodeling and Regeneration Under Infectious and Non-Infectious Conditions. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.707856"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20220531","article-title":"M1\/M2 Macrophages and Their Overlaps-Myth or Reality?","volume":"137","author":"Strizova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.12703\/P6-13","article-title":"The M1 and M2 Paradigm of Macrophage Activation: Time for Reassessment","volume":"6","author":"Martinez","year":"2014","journal-title":"F1000Prime Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6166","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.12.6166","article-title":"M-1\/M-2 Macrophages and the Th1\/Th2 Paradigm","volume":"164","author":"Mills","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.06.008","article-title":"Macrophage Activation and Polarization: Nomenclature and Experimental Guidelines","volume":"41","author":"Murray","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.3RU1018-378RR","article-title":"M2b Macrophage Polarization and Its Roles in Diseases","volume":"106","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3508","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1200662","article-title":"Efficient Clearance of Early Apoptotic Cells by Human Macrophages Requires M2c Polarization and MerTK Induction","volume":"189","author":"Zizzo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4319","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-02-072587","article-title":"Tumor-Associated Leukemia Inhibitory Factor and IL-6 Skew Monocyte Differentiation into Tumor-Associated Macrophage-like Cells","volume":"110","author":"Duluc","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.309194","article-title":"Abandoning M1\/M2 for a Network Model of Macrophage Function","volume":"119","author":"Nahrendorf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.10.007","article-title":"Macrophages in Health and Disease","volume":"185","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4133","article-title":"Macrophage Plasticity and Polarization in Tissue Repair and Remodelling","volume":"229","author":"Mantovani","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.42","article-title":"Does Niche Competition Determine the Origin of Tissue-Resident Macrophages?","volume":"17","author":"Guilliams","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viola, M.F., Taveras, E.F., and Mass, E. (2024). Developmental Programming of Tissue-Resident Macrophages. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1475369"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.12.001","article-title":"Fate Mapping Reveals Origins and Dynamics of Monocytes and Tissue Macrophages under Homeostasis","volume":"38","author":"Yona","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoeffel, G., and Ginhoux, F. (2015). Ontogeny of Tissue-Resident Macrophages. Front. Immunol., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00486"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.06.013","article-title":"Origin and Functions of Tissue Macrophages","volume":"41","author":"Epelman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2967","article-title":"Constant Replenishment from Circulating Monocytes Maintains the Macrophage Pool in the Intestine of Adult Mice","volume":"15","author":"Bain","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.08.010","article-title":"Biology of Lung Macrophages in Health and Disease","volume":"55","author":"Aegerter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-024-01826-9","article-title":"Coordinated Chemokine Expression Defines Macrophage Subsets across Tissues","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.02.028","article-title":"Resident Macrophages Cloak Tissue Microlesions to Prevent Neutrophil-Driven Inflammatory Damage","volume":"177","author":"Uderhardt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4930","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-02-486217","article-title":"Mast Cell and Macrophage Chemokines CXCL1\/CXCL2 Control the Early Stage of Neutrophil Recruitment during Tissue Inflammation","volume":"121","author":"Filippo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.11.019","article-title":"Embryonic and Adult-Derived Resident Cardiac Macrophages Are Maintained through Distinct Mechanisms at Steady State and during Inflammation","volume":"40","author":"Epelman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-023-00848-y","article-title":"Tissue-Specific Macrophages: How They Develop and Choreograph Tissue Biology","volume":"23","author":"Mass","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20131199","article-title":"Alveolar Macrophages Develop from Fetal Monocytes That Differentiate into Long-Lived Cells in the First Week of Life via GM-CSF","volume":"210","author":"Guilliams","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.08.017","article-title":"Stellate Cells, Hepatocytes, and Endothelial Cells Imprint the Kupffer Cell Identity on Monocytes Colonizing the Liver Macrophage Niche","volume":"51","author":"Bonnardel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-026-01480-5","article-title":"Lipid-Dependent Accrual of a Subset of Monocyte-Derived Macrophages Is Essential for Tissue Regeneration","volume":"8","author":"Yao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2024.04.019","article-title":"Classical Monocyte Ontogeny Dictates Their Functions and Fates as Tissue Macrophages","volume":"57","author":"Trzebanski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09972-2","article-title":"The Transition from Monocyte to Tissue-Resident Macrophage Requires DHPS","volume":"651","author":"Carrizo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.110169","article-title":"A Specialized Population of Monocyte-Derived Tracheal Macrophages Promote Airway Epithelial Regeneration through a CCR2-Dependent Mechanism","volume":"27","author":"Ysasi","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-025-00859-0","article-title":"Lineage Tracing Reveals the Origins and Dynamics of Macrophages in Lung Injury and Repair","volume":"12","author":"Jin","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cell Discov."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2016.06.029","article-title":"The Dynamics of Apoptotic Cell Clearance","volume":"38","author":"Elliott","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kourtzelis, I., Hajishengallis, G., and Chavakis, T. (2020). Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells in Resolution of Inflammation. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00553"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70546","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70546","article-title":"Efferocytosis in Health and Disease","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2303","article-title":"Immunobiology of the TAM Receptors","volume":"8","author":"Lemke","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2460","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-09-528752","article-title":"TAM Receptors, Gas6, and Protein S: Roles in Inflammation and Hemostasis","volume":"123","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5635","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.9.5635","article-title":"Macrophages and Dendritic Cells Use Different Axl\/Mertk\/Tyro3 Receptors in Clearance of Apoptotic Cells","volume":"178","author":"Seitz","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2014.129","article-title":"The Axl Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Is a Discriminator of Macrophage Function in the Inflamed Lung","volume":"8","author":"Fujimori","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0903439","article-title":"The Receptor Tyrosine Kinase MerTK Activates Phospholipase C Gamma2 during Recognition of Apoptotic Thymocytes by Murine Macrophages","volume":"75","author":"Todt","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Leucoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3618","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M706906200","article-title":"Autophosphorylation Docking Site Tyr-867 in Mer Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Allows for Dissociation of Multiple Signaling Pathways for Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells and Down-Modulation of Lipopolysaccharide-Inducible NF-\u03baB Transcriptional Activation*","volume":"283","author":"Tibrewal","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jcs264792","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.264792","article-title":"Mertk Coordinates Efferocytosis by Regulating Integrin Localization and Activation","volume":"139","author":"Dickson","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1601520","article-title":"Efferocytosis Signaling in the Regulation of Macrophage Inflammatory Responses","volume":"198","author":"Elliott","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.12.004","article-title":"Efferocytosis Fuels Requirements of Fatty Acid Oxidation and the Electron Transport Chain to Polarize Macrophages for Tissue Repair","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0735-5","article-title":"Efferocytosis Induces a Novel SLC Program to Promote Glucose Uptake and Lactate Release","volume":"563","author":"Morioka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-023-00736-8","article-title":"PFKFB2-Mediated Glycolysis Promotes Lactate-Driven Continual Efferocytosis by Macrophages","volume":"5","author":"Schilperoort","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2206","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-023-00921-9","article-title":"Efferocytosis-Induced Lactate Enables the Proliferation of pro-Resolving Macrophages to Mediate Tissue Repair","volume":"5","author":"Ngai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-024-01115-7","article-title":"Efferocytosis Drives a Tryptophan Metabolism Pathway in Macrophages to Promote Tissue Resolution","volume":"6","author":"Sukka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2657","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI97943","article-title":"Resolvins in Inflammation: Emergence of the pro-Resolving Superfamily of Mediators","volume":"128","author":"Serhan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaar3721","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.aar3721","article-title":"MerTK Signaling in Macrophages Promotes the Synthesis of Inflammation Resolution Mediators by Suppressing CaMKII Activity","volume":"11","author":"Cai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Signal."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e60","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-04-423525","article-title":"Specific Lipid Mediator Signatures of Human Phagocytes: Microparticles Stimulate Macrophage Efferocytosis and pro-Resolving Mediators","volume":"120","author":"Dalli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-020-00652-4","article-title":"Efferocytosis Potentiates the Expression of Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase (ALOX15) in Alternatively Activated Human Macrophages through LXR Activation","volume":"28","author":"Snodgrass","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2009.06.018","article-title":"Apoptotic Cells Promote Their Own Clearance and Immune Tolerance through Activation of the Nuclear Receptor LXR","volume":"31","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1021\/acsptsci.9b00075","article-title":"New Advances in Targeting the Resolution of Inflammation: Implications for Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediator GPCR Drug Discovery","volume":"3","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Pharmacol. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.180.1.253","article-title":"Identification of a Human cDNA Encoding a Functional High Affinity Lipoxin A4 Receptor","volume":"180","author":"Fiore","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0907342107","article-title":"Resolvin D1 Binds Human Phagocytes with Evidence for Proresolving Receptors","volume":"107","author":"Krishnamoorthy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4240","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.10-159913","article-title":"FPR2\/ALX Receptor Expression and Internalization Are Critical for Lipoxin A 4 and Annexin-derived Peptide-stimulated Phagocytosis","volume":"24","author":"Maderna","year":"2010","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1970","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.112.249508","article-title":"Resolvin D1 Limits Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Recruitment to Inflammatory Loci","volume":"32","author":"Norling","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2407130121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2407130121","article-title":"SPMs Exert Anti-Inflammatory and pro-Resolving Effects through Positive Allosteric Modulation of the Prostaglandin EP4 Receptor","volume":"121","author":"Alnouri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2024.11.018","article-title":"Early-Age Efferocytosis Directs Macrophage Arachidonic Acid Metabolism for Tissue Regeneration","volume":"58","author":"Lantz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.04.021","article-title":"Fibroblast-Macrophage Reciprocal Interactions in Health, Fibrosis, and Cancer","volume":"54","author":"Buechler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12989","article-title":"Fibroblasts and Macrophages: Collaborators in Tissue Homeostasis","volume":"302","author":"Franklin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-083024-035801","article-title":"The Spectrum of Fibroblast Immune Biology","volume":"44","author":"Guarnieri","year":"2026","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-024-00716-0","article-title":"Fibroblast and Myofibroblast Activation in Normal Tissue Repair and Fibrosis","volume":"25","author":"Younesi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.01.015","article-title":"Circuit Design Features of a Stable Two-Cell System","volume":"172","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2205360119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2205360119","article-title":"Microenvironmental Sensing by Fibroblasts Controls Macrophage Population Size","volume":"119","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-026-02434-5","article-title":"Reciprocal Regulation of Fibroblast\u2013Macrophage Equilibrium Governs Skin Integrity","volume":"27","author":"Vollmers","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.06.024","article-title":"Fibroblasts: Origins, Definitions, and Functions in Health and Disease","volume":"184","author":"Plikus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03549-5","article-title":"Cross-Tissue Organization of the Fibroblast Lineage","volume":"593","author":"Buechler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2024.08.020","article-title":"Cross-Tissue Human Fibroblast Atlas Reveals Myofibroblast Subtypes with Distinct Roles in Immune Modulation","volume":"42","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2424-4","article-title":"Structural Cells Are Key Regulators of Organ-Specific Immune Responses","volume":"583","author":"Krausgruber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaar2971","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar2971","article-title":"Myofibroblast Proliferation and Heterogeneity Are Supported by Macrophages during Skin Repair","volume":"362","author":"Shook","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2024.10.609","article-title":"Fibroblast-Mediated Macrophage Recruitment Supports Acute Wound Healing","volume":"145","author":"Amuso","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700613","article-title":"Formation and Function of the Myofibroblast during Tissue Repair","volume":"127","author":"Hinz","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4104","article-title":"The Myofibroblast Matrix: Implications for Tissue Repair and Fibrosis","volume":"229","author":"Klingberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.34067\/KID.0000001150","article-title":"Arginase-1 Expressing Macrophages and Myofibroblasts Interact to Regulate IGF1-Dependent Tubule Repair","volume":"7","author":"Bharathan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Kidney360"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1850","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09709-6","article-title":"Dynamic Fibroblast Contractions Attract Remote Macrophages in Fibrillar Collagen Matrix","volume":"10","author":"Pakshir","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-019-0324-5","article-title":"Evasion of Apoptosis by Myofibroblasts: A Hallmark of Fibrotic Diseases","volume":"16","author":"Hinz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9448","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1201840109","article-title":"Myofibroblasts Revert to an Inactive Phenotype during Regression of Liver Fibrosis","volume":"109","author":"Kisseleva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2016.10.004","article-title":"Two-Way Conversion between Lipogenic and Myogenic Fibroblastic Phenotypes Marks the Progression and Resolution of Lung Fibrosis","volume":"20","author":"Agha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.115220","article-title":"TWEAK-Fn14 Signaling Protects Mice from Pulmonary Fibrosis by Inhibiting Fibroblast Activation and Recruiting pro-Regenerative Macrophages","volume":"44","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-44886-z","article-title":"WNT-Dependent Interaction between Inflammatory Fibroblasts and FOLR2+ Macrophages Promotes Fibrosis in Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"15","author":"Cohen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08008-5","article-title":"Targeting Immune\u2013Fibroblast Cell Communication in Heart Failure","volume":"635","author":"Amrute","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2694","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-69388-y","article-title":"Lactate Derived from Macrophages Drives Skin Dermal Fibroblasts Phenotypic Remodeling via MCT1-Primed Histone H3 Lysine 23 Lactylation in Hypertrophic Scar","volume":"17","author":"Yuan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08085-6","article-title":"Chromatin Remodelling Drives Immune Cell\u2013Fibroblast Communication in Heart Failure","volume":"635","author":"Alexanian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1631-3","article-title":"Resolving the Fibrotic Niche of Human Liver Cirrhosis at Single-Cell Level","volume":"575","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8393673","DOI":"10.1155\/jimr\/8393673","article-title":"Role of Scar-Associated Macrophages in Organ Fibrosis Diseases","volume":"2026","author":"Ding","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadd8945","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.add8945","article-title":"Identification of a Broadly Fibrogenic Macrophage Subset Induced by Type 3 Inflammation","volume":"8","author":"Fabre","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.112131","article-title":"Platelet-Instructed SPP1+ Macrophages Drive Myofibroblast Activation in Fibrosis in a CXCL4-Dependent Manner","volume":"42","author":"Hoeft","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-023-01252-8","article-title":"TREM2 Macrophage Promotes Cardiac Repair in Myocardial Infarction by Reprogramming Metabolism via SLC25A53","volume":"31","author":"Gong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabi4528","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abi4528","article-title":"Xenogeneic Skin Transplantation Promotes Angiogenesis and Tissue Regeneration through Activated Trem2+ Macrophages","volume":"7","author":"Henn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2026.117091","article-title":"Spatiotemporal Molecular Profiling of Macrophage-Fibroblast Crosstalk Defines Checkpoints Orchestrating Onset and Resolution of Inflammation","volume":"45","author":"Weishaupt","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e182700","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.182700","article-title":"Gpnmb and Spp1 Mark a Conserved Macrophage Injury Response Masking Fibrosis-Specific Programming in the Lung","volume":"9","author":"King","year":"2024","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2026.01.019","article-title":"Macrophage Metabolic Exhaustion and PANoptotic Cell Death Drive Chronic Tissue Inflammation in Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"59","author":"Huang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-025-01259-0","article-title":"Fibroblasts in Immune Responses, Inflammatory Diseases and Therapeutic Implications","volume":"21","author":"Zou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-024-08997-1","article-title":"Fibroblast: A Novel Target for Autoimmune and Inflammatory Skin Diseases Therapeutics","volume":"66","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"keag249","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keag249","article-title":"Targeting Fibroblasts in Immune Mediated Inflammatory Diseases: A Cellular Basis for Cure?","volume":"65","author":"Xenophontos","year":"2026","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18001","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2018.1","article-title":"Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"4","author":"Smolen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1471-1","article-title":"Locally Renewing Resident Synovial Macrophages Provide a Protective Barrier for the Joint","volume":"572","author":"Culemann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0939-8","article-title":"Distinct Synovial Tissue Macrophage Subsets Regulate Inflammation and Remission in Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"26","author":"Alivernini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadj1252","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adj1252","article-title":"Loss of Synovial Tissue Macrophage Homeostasis Precedes Rheumatoid Arthritis Clinical Onset","volume":"10","author":"Hanlon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaau8587","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aau8587","article-title":"HBEGF + Macrophages in Rheumatoid Arthritis Induce Fibroblast Invasiveness","volume":"11","author":"Kuo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ard.2025.07.019","article-title":"Spatial Mapping of Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial Niches Reveals a LYVE1+ Macrophage Network Associated with Response to Therapy","volume":"84","author":"Lima","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaed3087","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aed3087","article-title":"SPP1hi Macrophages in Fibrin Niches Promote Hyperplastic Tissue Remodeling in Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovium","volume":"18","author":"Mantel","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06708-y","article-title":"Deconstruction of Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovium Defines Inflammatory Subtypes","volume":"623","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15002","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.2","article-title":"Systemic Sclerosis","volume":"1","author":"Allanore","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-023-00909-5","article-title":"State-of-the-Art Evidence in the Treatment of Systemic Sclerosis","volume":"19","author":"Pope","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22382","article-title":"A Macrophage Marker, Siglec-1, Is Increased on Circulating Monocytes in Patients with Systemic Sclerosis and Induced by Type i Interferons and Toll-like Receptor Agonists","volume":"56","author":"York","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirichenko, T.V., Bogatyreva, A.I., Gerasimova, E.V., Popkova, T.V., Markina, Y.V., Markin, A.M., Gerasimova, D.A., and Orekhov, A.N. (2024). Inflammatory Response of Monocytes\/Macrophages in Patients with Systemic Sclerosis. Front. Biosci.-Landmark, 29.","DOI":"10.31083\/j.fbl2907259"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-019-0831-z","article-title":"Macrophages in Systemic Sclerosis: Novel Insights and Therapeutic Implications","volume":"21","author":"Toledo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Rheumatol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e006135","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2025-006135","article-title":"Circulating Monocytes from Systemic Sclerosis Patients with Progressive Interstitial Lung Disease Preferentially Express M2 Phenotype Markers: In Vitro and Ex Vivo Study","volume":"11","author":"Smith","year":"2025","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"ref_124","first-page":"535","article-title":"Macrophage Heterogeneity Governs the Balance between Fibrosis and Tissue Protection in Systemic Sclerosis","volume":"62","author":"Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R128","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3066","article-title":"Characterization of Monocyte\/Macrophage Subsets in the Skin and Peripheral Blood Derived from Patients with Systemic Sclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Jinnin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1111\/imcb.12217","article-title":"Efferocytosis Capacities of Blood Monocyte-derived Macrophages in Systemic Sclerosis","volume":"97","author":"Ballerie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tallec, E.L., Bellamri, N., Lelong, M., Morzadec, C., Frenger, Q., Ballerie, A., Cazalets, C., Lescoat, A., Gros, F., and Lecureur, V. (2024). Efferocytosis Dysfunction in CXCL4-Induced M4 Macrophages: Phenotypic Insights in Systemic Sclerosis in Vitro and in Vivo. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1468821"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42286","article-title":"Epigenetic Regulation of Profibrotic Macrophages in Systemic Sclerosis\u2013Associated Interstitial Lung Disease","volume":"74","author":"Papazoglou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05403-4","article-title":"Macrophages as Determinants and Regulators of Systemic Sclerosis-Related Interstitial Lung Disease","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-025-01349-z","article-title":"Mechanisms of Fibrotic Tissue Remodelling: Insights from Systemic Sclerosis","volume":"22","author":"Distler","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, T., Wang, Y., and Lin, F. (2026). Identification of Key Macrophage-Related Genes in Systemic Sclerosis\u2013Associated Interstitial Lung Disease Based on Single-Cell and Bulk Transcriptomic Data. PLoS ONE, 21.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0344166"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e198954","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.198954","article-title":"Multimodal Analyses of Early, Untreated SSc Skin Identify a Proinflammatory Vascular Niche of Macrophage-Fibroblast Signaling","volume":"11","author":"Jarnagin","year":"2025","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ard.2025.04.025","article-title":"Spatial Multiomics Decipher Fibroblast\u2013Macrophage Dynamics in Systemic Sclerosis","volume":"84","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2018.09.013","article-title":"Mechanisms of Disease: Inflammatory Bowel Diseases","volume":"94","author":"Ramos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0172-4","article-title":"Macrophages in Intestinal Inflammation and Resolution: A Potential Therapeutic Target in IBD","volume":"16","author":"Na","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin-Rodriguez, O., Gauthier, T., Bonnefoy, F., Couturier, M., Daoui, A., Chagu\u00e9, C., Valmary-Degano, S., Gay, C., Saas, P., and Perruche, S. (2021). Pro-Resolving Factors Released by Macrophages After Efferocytosis Promote Mucosal Wound Healing in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.754475"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20138","article-title":"Different Tissue Phagocytes Sample Apoptotic Cells to Direct Distinct Homeostasis Programs","volume":"539","author":"Cummings","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4506","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40156-6","article-title":"Macrophage and Neutrophil Heterogeneity at Single-Cell Spatial Resolution in Human Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"14","author":"Corraliza","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.08.008","article-title":"Single-Cell Analysis of Crohn\u2019s Disease Lesions Identifies a Pathogenic Cellular Module Associated with Resistance to Anti-TNF Therapy","volume":"178","author":"Martin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4307","article-title":"Oncostatin M Drives Intestinal Inflammation and Predicts Response to Tumor Necrosis Factor\u2013Neutralizing Therapy in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"23","author":"West","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-025-02225-y","article-title":"Single-Cell and Spatial Transcriptomics of Stricturing Crohn\u2019s Disease Highlights a Fibrosis-Associated Network","volume":"57","author":"Kong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-026-07969-7","article-title":"IL1\u03b2+ Macrophages Promote Intestinal Fibrosis in Crohn\u2019s Disease by Secreting AREG to Activate PI16+ Fibroblasts","volume":"24","author":"Xie","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.110226","article-title":"Osteopontin Regulation of MerTK+ Macrophages Promotes Crohn\u2019s Disease Intestinal Fibrosis","volume":"27","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saas, P., Vetter, M., Maraux, M., Bonnefoy, F., and Perruche, S. (2022). Resolution Therapy: Harnessing Efferocytic Macrophages to Trigger the Resolution of Inflammation. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1021413"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2018-213511","article-title":"Maresin 1 Improves the Treg\/Th17 Imbalance in Rheumatoid Arthritis through miR-21","volume":"77","author":"Jin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-020-2133-2","article-title":"Resolvin D1 Suppresses Pannus Formation via Decreasing Connective Tissue Growth Factor Caused by Upregulation of miRNA-146a-5p in Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"22","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-021-03562-6","article-title":"Protectin DX Restores Treg\/Th17 Cell Balance in Rheumatoid Arthritis by Inhibiting NLRP3 Inflammasome via miR-20a","volume":"12","author":"Jin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2014.1641","article-title":"Resolvin E1 Reduces Hepatic Fibrosis in Mice with Schistosoma Japonicum Infection","volume":"7","author":"Qiu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4050","article-title":"Resolvins E1 and D1 Inhibit Interstitial Fibrosis in the Obstructed Kidney via Inhibition of Local Fibroblast Proliferation","volume":"228","author":"Qu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez, M.J., Herrera, F., Donoso, W., Castillo, I., Orrego, R., Gonz\u00e1lez, D.R., and Z\u00fa\u00f1iga-Hern\u00e1ndez, J. (2020). Pro-Resolving Lipid Mediator Resolvin E1 Mitigates the Progress of Diethylnitrosamine-Induced Liver Fibrosis in Sprague-Dawley Rats by Attenuating Fibrogenesis and Restricting Proliferation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21228827"},{"key":"ref_151","unstructured":"(2026, July 15). NCT00941018 Single and Multiple Ascending Oral Dose Study of RX-10001 in Healthy Volunteers, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT00941018."},{"key":"ref_152","unstructured":"(2026, July 15). NCT01639846 Evaluation of the Onset and Duration of Action of RX-10045 in Allergic Conjunctivitis. ClinicalTrials.gov 2012, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT01639846."},{"key":"ref_153","unstructured":"(2026, July 15). NCT00799552 Safety and Efficacy Study of RX-10045 on the Signs and Symptoms of Dry Eye. ClinicalTrials.gov 2008, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT00799552."},{"key":"ref_154","unstructured":"(2026, July 15). NCT02342691 Safety and Preliminary Efficacy of Lipoxin Analog BLXA4-ME Oral Rinse for the Treatment of Gingivitis, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT02342691?spons=National%20institute%20of%20Dental%20and%20Craniofacial%20Research%20(NIDCR)&aggFilters=status:&viewType=Table&rank=2."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2023.107005","article-title":"The Annexin-A1 Mimetic RTP-026 Promotes Acute Cardioprotection through Modulation of Immune Cell Activation","volume":"198","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_156","unstructured":"(2026, July 15). NCT06465303 A Study of RTP-026 to Assess Safety, Tolerability and Efficacy in Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI), Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06465303."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2023.0167","article-title":"Effects of ON101 for Hard-to-Heal Diabetic Foot Ulcers in a Randomized Phase III Trial: A Post Hoc Analysis","volume":"14","author":"Chang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2122607","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.22607","article-title":"Effect of a Novel Macrophage-Regulating Drug on Wound Healing in Patients with Diabetic Foot Ulcers","volume":"4","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ng, K.L.B., Lin, Y.-N., Chen, W.-Y., Wu, Y.-C., Huang, S.-H., Lee, S.-S., Chen, R.-F., and Kuo, Y.-R. (2025). Enhancing Diabetic Foot Wound Healing with Topical Macrophage-Regulating Cream (ON101): A Case Series. J. Wound Care, 34.","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2023.0318"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2322935121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2322935121","article-title":"Accelerating Diabetic Wound Healing by ROS-Scavenging Lipid Nanoparticle\u2013mRNA Formulation","volume":"121","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_161","unstructured":"(2026, July 15). NCT07580716 Intra-Articular Allocetra in Patients with Primary Knee Osteoarthritis, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT07580716."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ard.2025.06.045","article-title":"POS0684 phase I\/II trial of Allocetratm cell therapy for knee osteoarthritis: Clinical evidence of response to modulation of inflammation","volume":"84","author":"Galamidi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03406-8","article-title":"Autologous Macrophage Therapy for Liver Cirrhosis: A Phase 2 Open-Label Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"31","author":"Brennan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_164","unstructured":"(2026, July 15). NCT06823713 RTX001 Autologous Engineered Macrophages for Liver Cirrhosis, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06823713."},{"key":"ref_165","unstructured":"(2026, July 15). ISRCTN10368050 Macrophages Therapy for Liver Cirrhosis. Available online: https:\/\/www.isrctn.com\/ISRCTN10368050."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e85922","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.85922","article-title":"Proresolving and Cartilage-Protective Actions of Resolvin D1 in Inflammatory Arthritis","volume":"1","author":"Norling","year":"2016","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2362","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1502268","article-title":"Resolvin D3 Is Dysregulated in Arthritis and Reduces Arthritic Inflammation","volume":"197","author":"Arnardottir","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13975","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-42927-9","article-title":"Circulating Maresin-1 and Cartilage Remodeling Biomarkers in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis","volume":"16","author":"Esmez","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wetzel, A., Bonnefoy, F., Chagu\u00e9, C., Vetter, M., Couturier, M., Baffert, B., Adot\u00e9vi, O., Saas, P., and Perruche, S. (2022). Pro-Resolving Factor Administration Limits Cancer Progression by Enhancing Immune Response Against Cancer Cells. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.812171"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonnefoy, F., Gauthier, T., Vallion, R., Martin-Rodriguez, O., Missey, A., Daoui, A., Valmary-Degano, S., Saas, P., Couturier, M., and Perruche, S. (2018). Factors Produced by Macrophages Eliminating Apoptotic Cells Demonstrate Pro-Resolutive Properties and Terminate Ongoing Inflammation. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02586"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xjidi.2022.100138","article-title":"Restoring Prohealing\/Remodeling-Associated M2a\/c Macrophages Using ON101 Accelerates Diabetic Wound Healing","volume":"2","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"JID Innov."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2025.123869","article-title":"Macrophage Cell Therapy Enabled by Interleukin-4 mRNA-Loaded Lipid Nanoparticles to Sustain a pro-Reparative Phenotype in Inflammatory Injuries","volume":"328","author":"Tylek","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biomaterials"}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/15\/15\/1412\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T04:20:11Z","timestamp":1785990011000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/15\/15\/1412"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"references-count":172,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["cells15151412"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells15151412","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]}}}