{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T08:51:21Z","timestamp":1785919881708,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81874375"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81874375"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["81874375"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81874375"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002767","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2026JJ30088"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026JJ30088"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002767","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Health Research Project of Hunan Provincial Health Commission","award":["20254078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20254078"]}]},{"name":"Health Research Project of Hunan Provincial Health Commission","award":["20256846"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20256846"]}]},{"award":["20254078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20254078"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/059qgvg50","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["20256846"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20256846"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/059qgvg50","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Opening Project of Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Translational Medicine","award":["2025XG006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025XG006"]}]},{"name":"Scientific and Technological Innovation Team Support Program for General Higher Education Institutions of Hunan Provincial Education Department","award":["2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023"]}]},{"award":["2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/026meb765","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiovascular diseases remain a major global health burden. Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs) are increasingly being investigated as potential therapeutic and drug-delivery platforms for cardiovascular disease. PDEVs are natural nanovesicles carrying bioactive lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and phytochemicals. Preclinical studies suggest that selected PDEV preparations may exert protective effects in cardiovascular disease-related models by modulating inflammation, oxidative stress, lipid metabolism, and endothelial repair. In experimental models, selected PDEVs have shown preliminary improvements in cargo stability, lesion accumulation, controlled release, and local retention through drug loading, surface ligand modification, responsive design, and integration with biomaterials. This review summarises the biogenesis, isolation, characterisation, and cardiovascular actions of PDEVs, with emphasis on their engineering and targeted delivery applications in atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, ischaemia\u2013reperfusion injury, vascular calcification, restenosis, and cardiotoxicity. Current challenges, including insufficient standardization, uncertain regulatory classification, unclear mechanisms, and limited pharmacokinetic and long-term safety data, are also discussed. Addressing these issues is essential for reliably evaluating the clinical translation potential of PDEVs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15151416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T08:14:46Z","timestamp":1785917686000},"page":"1416","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mechanisms and Translational Potential of Plant-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Cardiovascular Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2648-8964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Songyan","family":"Tie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Integrative Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China"},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Translational Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huifang","family":"Kuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Integrative Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China"},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Translational Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Library, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7851-4170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lingli","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwae281","article-title":"Global burden of cardiovascular diseases: Projections from 2025 to 2050","volume":"32","author":"Chong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. 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