{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T11:30:56Z","timestamp":1786447856743,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TL1TR001997"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TL1TR001997"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DA058933"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DA058933"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DA055879"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DA055879"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DA044479"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DA044479"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DA046526"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DA046526"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DA061626"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DA061626"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DA049130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DA049130"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["TL1TR001997"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TL1TR001997"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["DA058933"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DA058933"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["DA055879"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DA055879"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["DA044479"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DA044479"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["DA046526"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DA046526"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["DA061626"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DA061626"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["DA049130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DA049130"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Smoking remains a leading preventable cause of death, and nicotine is the primary substance responsible for maintaining use of tobacco products. Preclinical rodent models have shown that neuroimmune signaling is dysregulated by nicotine self-administration (SA) within the nucleus accumbens core (NAcore). Microglia are the resident brain immune cell and prior studies have shown that they play an important role in nicotine-related behaviors. However, while transgenic mouse lines allow for specific evaluations of microglia to determine their role in neurobiology and behavior, there are fewer tools available for rats as a model species, thus limiting our ability to evaluate specific contributions of microglia to nicotine SA. A transgenic rat expressing Cre under the control of the CX3CR1 promoter bred on a Long\u2013Evans (LE) background was recently developed, and here we show that NAcore microglia can be virally transduced with designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) without neuronal expression. We further show that CX3CR1::ERT2 rats readily self-administer nicotine and display a characteristic extinction curve. Together, these validation studies lay the foundation for future use of this transgenic rat line to evaluate the specific contributions of microglia within the brain reward pathway to the neurobehavioral underpinnings of nicotine addiction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15161445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T10:32:16Z","timestamp":1786444336000},"page":"1445","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Utility of the Recombinase Driver CX3CR1-ERT2 Rat Strain in Nicotine Self-Administration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1660-7635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley M.","family":"White","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley J.","family":"Craig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1459-5089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daryl L.","family":"Richie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christa L.","family":"Corley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0274-2561","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Percell T.","family":"Kendrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen R.","family":"McNealy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2330-6999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael D.","family":"Scofield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cassandra D.","family":"Gipson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1097\/00054725-199905000-00001","article-title":"The influence of cigarette smoking on cytokine levels in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"5","author":"Sher","year":"1999","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.182.3.1730","article-title":"Nicotinic attenuation of central nervous system inflammation and autoimmunity","volume":"182","author":"Shi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Namba, M.D., Kupchik, Y.M., Spencer, S.M., Garcia-Keller, C., Goenaga, J.G., Powell, G.L., Vicino, I.A., Hogue, I.B., and Gipson, C.D. (2019). Accumbens neuroimmune signaling and dysregulation of astrocytic glutamate transport underlie conditioned nicotine-seeking behavior. Addict. Biol., 25.","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12797"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"100111","article-title":"Nicotine and its metabolite cotinine target MD2 and inhibit TLR4 signaling","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Innovation"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2022.10.020","article-title":"Microglia states and nomenclature: A field at its crossroads","volume":"110","author":"Paolicelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20459","article-title":"Microglial control of neuronal death and synaptic properties","volume":"55","author":"Bessis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paolicelli, R.C., and Ferretti, M.T. (2017). Function and Dysfunction of Microglia during Brain Development: Consequences for Synapses and Neural Circuits. Front. Synaptic Neurosci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsyn.2017.00009"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aramideh, J.A., Vidal-Itriago, A., Morsch, M., and Graeber, M.B. (2021). Cytokine Signalling at the Microglial Penta-Partite Synapse. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222413186"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, L.R., Liu, J.C., Bao, J.S., Bai, Q.Q., and Wang, G.Q. (2020). Interaction of Microglia and Astrocytes in the Neurovascular Unit. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01024"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adeluyi, A., Guerin, L., Fisher, M.L., Galloway, A., Cole, R.D., Chan, S.S.L., Wyatt, M.D., Davis, S.W., Freeman, L.R., and Ortinski, P.I. (2019). Microglia morphology and proinflammatory signaling in the nucleus accumbens during nicotine withdrawal. Sci. Adv., 5.","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aax7031"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2023.08.019","article-title":"The Role of Microglia in Sex- and Region-Specific Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity During Nicotine Withdrawal","volume":"4","author":"Kumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry Glob. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-023-02703-9","article-title":"Nicotinic regulation of microglia: Potential contributions to addiction","volume":"131","author":"Soares","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E3441","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1602070113","article-title":"Morphine paradoxically prolongs neuropathic pain in rats by amplifying spinal NLRP3 inflammasome activation","volume":"113","author":"Grace","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-022-01547-7","article-title":"Directed evolution of adeno-associated virus for efficient gene delivery to microglia","volume":"19","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2018.12.008","article-title":"Conditional microglial depletion in rats leads to reversible anorexia and weight loss by disrupting gustatory circuitry","volume":"77","author":"Sominsky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.07.001","article-title":"To Kill a Microglia: A Case for CSF1R Inhibitors","volume":"41","author":"Green","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.24541","article-title":"Repopulated microglia after pharmacological depletion decrease dendritic spine density in adult mouse brain","volume":"72","author":"Wickel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, X.F., Alam, M.M., Liao, Y., Huang, T., Mathur, R., Zhu, X., and Huang, Y. (2019). Targeting Microglia Using Cx3cr1-Cre Lines: Revisiting the Specificity. eNeuro, 6.","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0114-19.2019"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2015.09.019","article-title":"Genetic manipulation of microglia during brain development and disease","volume":"1862","author":"Wieghofer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1433-17.2018","article-title":"Altered Baseline and Nicotine-Mediated Behavioral and Cholinergic Profiles in ChAT-Cre Mouse Lines","volume":"38","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(98)00583-3","article-title":"Localization of fractalkine and CX3CR1 mRNAs in rat brain: Does fractalkine play a role in signaling from neuron to microglia?","volume":"429","author":"Nishiyori","year":"1998","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, M., Lee, Y., Song, J., Lee, J., and Chang, S.Y. (2018). Tissue-specific Role of CX(3)CR1 Expressing Immune Cells and Their Relationships with Human Disease. Immune Netw., 18.","DOI":"10.4110\/in.2018.18.e5"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3254","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-017-2364-z","article-title":"Spinal CX3CL1\/CX3CR1 May Not Directly Participate in the Development of Morphine Tolerance in Rats","volume":"42","author":"Peng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2011.01.005","article-title":"GFAP in health and disease","volume":"93","author":"Middeldorp","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.08.024","article-title":"cTag-PAPERCLIP Reveals Alternative Polyadenylation Promotes Cell-Type Specific Protein Diversity and Shifts Araf Isoforms with Microglia Activation","volume":"95","author":"Hwang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0110-6","article-title":"Re-evaluating microglia expression profiles using RiboTag and cell isolation strategies","volume":"19","author":"Haimon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.14526","article-title":"The specificity and role of microglia in epileptogenesis in mouse models of tuberous sclerosis complex","volume":"59","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9817","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2707-07.2007","article-title":"Targeting Cre recombinase to specific neuron populations with bacterial artificial chromosome constructs","volume":"27","author":"Gong","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.11.030","article-title":"Microglia promote learning-dependent synapse formation through brain-derived neurotrophic factor","volume":"155","author":"Parkhurst","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.12.001","article-title":"Fate mapping reveals origins and dynamics of monocytes and tissue macrophages under homeostasis","volume":"38","author":"Yona","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-31077-z","article-title":"Generation and characterization of a tamoxifen-inducible, Cre driver rat for transgene expression in microglia","volume":"16","author":"Glotfelty","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2024.173836","article-title":"Enhancing translation: A need to leverage complex preclinical models of addictive drugs to accelerate substance use treatment options","volume":"243","author":"Corley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2011.05.012","article-title":"Intravenous nicotine self-administration and cue-induced reinstatement in mice: Effects of nicotine dose, rate of drug infusion and prior instrumental training","volume":"61","author":"Fowler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09797","article-title":"Habenular alpha5 nicotinic receptor subunit signalling controls nicotine intake","volume":"471","author":"Fowler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leyrer-Jackson, J.M., Holter, M., Overby, P.F., Newbern, J.M., Scofield, M.D., Olive, M.F., and Gipson, C.D. (2021). Accumbens Cholinergic Interneurons Mediate Cue-Induced Nicotine Seeking and Associated Glutamatergic Plasticity. eNeuro, 8.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.05.28.119222"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0270(80)90021-7","article-title":"AChE-stained horizontal sections of the rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates","volume":"3","author":"Paxinos","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29831","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)43956-7","article-title":"Characterization of the regulatory elements in the promoter of the human elongation factor-1 alpha gene","volume":"269","author":"Nagata","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5971","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-50099-1","article-title":"NPAS4 supports cocaine-conditioned cues in rodents by controlling the cell type-specific activation balance in the nucleus accumbens","volume":"15","author":"Hughes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1037\/h0026793","article-title":"Effect of response-independent reinforcers during extinction","volume":"67","author":"Rescorla","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2012.03.009","article-title":"Facets of Pavlovian and operant extinction","volume":"90","author":"Lattal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Behav. Process."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.3109\/10520299109109990","article-title":"DAPI as a useful stain for nuclear quantitation","volume":"66","author":"Tarnowski","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biotech. Histochem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.78804","article-title":"Context and Behavioral Processes in Extinction","volume":"11","author":"Bouton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Learn. Mem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.11.030","article-title":"Chemogenetic manipulation of microglia inhibits neuroinflammation and neuropathic pain in mice","volume":"92","author":"Yi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1038\/292257a0","article-title":"Differences between oestrogen receptor activation by oestrogen and antioestrogen","volume":"292","author":"Rochefort","year":"1981","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-9556(25)07102-8","article-title":"Metabolites, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics of tamoxifen in rats and mice compared to the breast cancer patient","volume":"19","author":"Robinson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Worsfold, P., Townshend, A., and Poole, C. (2005). PHARMACOKINETICS: Absorption, Distribution, and Elimination. Encyclopedia of Analytical Science, Elsevier. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pawelec, P., Ziemka-Nalecz, M., Sypecka, J., and Zalewska, T. (2020). The Impact of the CX3CL1\/CX3CR1 Axis in Neurological Disorders. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9102277"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.116.012484","article-title":"The Nucleus Accumbens: Mechanisms of Addiction across Drug Classes Reflect the Importance of Glutamate Homeostasis","volume":"68","author":"Scofield","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9124","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1220591110","article-title":"Reinstatement of nicotine seeking is mediated by glutamatergic plasticity","volume":"110","author":"Gipson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Russell, W.M.S., and Burch, R.L. (1959). The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique, Methuen."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weichbrod, R.H., Thompson, G.A.H., and Norton, J.N. (2018). Chapter 29 Management of Research Animal Breeding Colonies. Management of Animal Care and Use Programs in Research, Education, and Testing, CRC Press\/Taylor & Francis. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315152189"}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/15\/16\/1445\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T10:44:18Z","timestamp":1786445058000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/15\/16\/1445"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["cells15161445"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells15161445","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]}}}