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Human heart development requires coordinated and complex regulation of key signaling pathways including Notch, BMP, Wnt, Nodal, and Shh during each step of heart morphogenesis. Compartment-specific cardiac cells for modeling the various structures in the heart can be generated by fine tuning these signaling pathways in a sequential manner thereby mimicking spatiotemporal regulation during embryonic heart morphogenesis. In this review, we provide a brief overview of key signaling pathways that are responsible for forming the distinct structures of the heart originating from the first heart field (FHF) and second heart field (SHF). We then summarize recent differentiation protocols that leverage key heart-development related signaling molecules to generate compartment-specific cardiomyocytes and organoids for disease modeling and therapeutic development in cardiovascular disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15161460","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T13:12:56Z","timestamp":1786713176000},"page":"1460","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Compartment-Specific iPSC-Derived Cardiomyocytes and Organoids: Differentiation Strategies and Applications in Cardiovascular Disease Modeling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Aaron D.","family":"Argall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cardiovascular Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children\u2019s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA"},{"name":"The Heart Center, Nationwide Children\u2019s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rabina","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cardiovascular Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children\u2019s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA"},{"name":"The Heart Center, Nationwide Children\u2019s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0710-2292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiyoon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cardiovascular Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children\u2019s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA"},{"name":"The Heart Center, Nationwide Children\u2019s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA"},{"name":"Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-Tao","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cardiovascular Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children\u2019s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA"},{"name":"The Heart Center, Nationwide Children\u2019s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA"},{"name":"Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1890","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(02)01886-7","article-title":"The Incidence of Congenital Heart Disease","volume":"39","author":"Hoffman","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. 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