{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T09:34:47Z","timestamp":1787045687890,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":147,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health","award":["U54GM115677"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54GM115677"]}]},{"award":["U54GM115677"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54GM115677"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04q48ey07","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tendinopathies represent a major clinical challenge. Vasculature, neuromuscular junctions, low cellularity, and slow extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover restrict endogenous repair and predispose injured tendons to fibrosis, mechanical weakness, and reinjury. Current therapeutic strategies including rehabilitation protocols, anti-inflammatory medications, platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections, and surgical repair primarily address symptoms or structural deficits without correcting the underlying biological limitations of tendon healing. Cell-based therapies have emerged as a promising regenerative approach aimed at restoring tissue homeostasis through modulation of angiogenesis, collagen synthesis, immune responses, and tenogenic differentiation. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs), tendon-derived stem cells (TDSCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), differentiated tenocytes, and extracellular vesicle (EV)-based products have demonstrated the ability to enhance vascularization, promote type I collagen remodeling, suppress excessive inflammation, and stimulate tenocyte lineage commitment. These effects are mediated through paracrine signaling, growth factor secretion, and activation of key pathways, including HIF-1\u03b1, TGF-\u03b2\/SMAD, NF-\u03baB, and PI3K\/Akt signaling. Despite promising preclinical data, significant translational challenges remain, including limited cell survival at the injury site, variability in cell sources and dosing, immunogenicity, risk of misdifferentiation, and lack of standardization across clinical protocols. Emerging strategies such as genetic modification, hypoxic preconditioning, scaffold-based delivery systems, and extracellular vesicle engineering aim to enhance therapeutic efficacy and reproducibility. This review synthesizes current evidence on cell-based tendon repair, critically evaluates mechanistic insights, clinical trials, and translational barriers, and outlines future directions toward biologically informed regenerative therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15161483","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T09:06:41Z","timestamp":1787044001000},"page":"1483","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From Degeneration to Regeneration: The Evolving Landscape of Cell-Based Tendon Repair"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ines","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9972-0096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brett D.","family":"Owens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jay","family":"Trivedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jht.2011.07.004","article-title":"Tendon biomechanics and mechanobiology\u2014A minireview of basic concepts and recent advancements","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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