{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T08:27:36Z","timestamp":1787128056452,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Polycarp-Leporin Program","award":["PLP25\/2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PLP25\/2"]}]},{"name":"Novartis Stiftung f\u00fcr therapeutische Forschung"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) contribute to antimicrobial defense but may promote tissue damage when produced in excess or insufficiently cleared. Acute appendicitis is characterized by neutrophil-driven inflammation, but NET-associated structures and their compartment-specific dynamics have not yet been systematically evaluated. We analyzed appendiceal tissue across histopathological stages of adult appendicitis patients (n = 60), including layer-specific assessment of citrullinated histone H3 (CitH3), myeloperoxidase (MPO), B-DNA and modified DNA. In addition, we quantified NET-associated markers in the circulation of patients with histopathologically staged appendicitis (up to n = 52) and controls without appendicitis (n = 29). CitH3- and MPO-positive deposits increased with histopathological severity, formed large patches, and showed increasing involvement of the submucosa and muscularis in advanced stages. In parallel, the DNA ratio shifted toward modified DNA conformations, while B-DNA decreased. Circulating CitH3, MPO-DNA complexes, and cfDNA increased with disease stage and distinguished acute appendicitis from non-appendicitis controls. These findings suggest that acute appendicitis is not only defined by neutrophil transmigration but also by spatial and structural remodeling of NET-associated extracellular chromatin. The shift in DNA conformational patterns most likely reflects altered extracellular chromatin processing and, consequently, differential persistence of extracellular DNA. Whether circulating NET-associated markers can support diagnosis and severity stratification of appendicitis requires further validation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15161489","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T07:58:23Z","timestamp":1787126303000},"page":"1489","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Stage-Dependent Transmural Redistribution of NET-Associated Structures and Altered DNA Architecture in Acute Appendicitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8358-6903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonas","family":"Pachmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Experimental Surgery, Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Transplant Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"University Clinic for General, Visceral, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malik","family":"Szep","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Experimental Surgery, Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Transplant Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"University Clinic for General, Visceral, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2457-899X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pia","family":"Meyer zu Himmern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Experimental Surgery, Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Transplant Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"University Clinic for General, Visceral, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Max","family":"Rickes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Experimental Surgery, Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Transplant Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"University Clinic for General, Visceral, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3633-5322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Al-Madhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinic for General, Visceral, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihailo","family":"Andric","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinic for General, Visceral, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6708-6596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirhasan","family":"Rahimli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinic for General, Visceral, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8962-6784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Stockheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Experimental Surgery, Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Transplant Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"University Clinic for General, Visceral, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katrin","family":"Hippe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5621-2321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franziska S.","family":"Karras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6021-1841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulf D.","family":"Kahlert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Experimental Surgery, Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Transplant Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"University Clinic for General, Visceral, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6248-7086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roland S.","family":"Croner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Experimental Surgery, Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Transplant Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"University Clinic for General, Visceral, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Herrmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Experimental Surgery, Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Transplant Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"University Clinic for General, Visceral, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology and Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0303-1342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maximilian","family":"D\u00f6lling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Experimental Surgery, Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Transplant Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"University Clinic for General, Visceral, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.20502","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Acute Appendicitis in Adults: A Review","volume":"326","author":"Moris","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s13017-020-00306-3","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Appendicitis: 2020 Update of the WSES Jerusalem Guidelines","volume":"15","author":"Podda","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Emerg. Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"zraa030","article-title":"Discriminating Complicated from Uncomplicated Appendicitis by Ultrasound Imaging, Computed Tomography or Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Diagnostic Accuracy","volume":"5","author":"Bom","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg. Open"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/S1092-9134(00)90011-X","article-title":"The Pathology of Acute Appendicitis","volume":"4","author":"Carr","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Diagn. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2018-0203","article-title":"The Fecal and Mucosal Microbiome in Acute Appendicitis Patients: An Observational Study","volume":"14","author":"Peeters","year":"2019","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2010.07.012","article-title":"Infectious Causes of Appendicitis","volume":"24","author":"Lamps","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u00f6lling, M., Rahimli, M., Pachmann, J., Szep, M., Al-Madhi, S., Andric, M., Kahlert, U.D., Hofmann, T., Boettcher, M., and Mu\u00f1oz, L.E. (2024). Hidden Appendicoliths and Their Impact on the Severity and Treatment of Acute Appendicitis. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13144166"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.06.006","article-title":"The Neutrophil","volume":"54","author":"Burn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gierlikowska, B., Stachura, A., Gierlikowski, W., and Demkow, U. (2021). Phagocytosis, Degranulation and Extracellular Traps Release by Neutrophils\u2014The Current Knowledge, Pharmacological Modulation and Future Prospects. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.666732"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200606027","article-title":"Novel Cell Death Program Leads to Neutrophil Extracellular Traps","volume":"176","author":"Fuchs","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092385","article-title":"Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Kill Bacteria","volume":"303","author":"Brinkmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2647","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1300436","article-title":"Macrophage Clearance of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Is a Silent Process","volume":"191","author":"Farrera","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petretto, A., Bruschi, M., Pratesi, F., Croia, C., Candiano, G., Ghiggeri, G., and Migliorini, P. (2019). Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NET) Induced by Different Stimuli: A Comparative Proteomic Analysis. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218946"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Urban, C.F., Ermert, D., Schmid, M., Abu-Abed, U., Goosmann, C., Nacken, W., Brinkmann, V., Jungblut, P.R., and Zychlinsky, A. (2009). Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Contain Calprotectin, a Cytosolic Protein Complex Involved in Host Defense against Candida Albicans. PLoS Pathog., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000639"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200806072","article-title":"Histone Hypercitrullination Mediates Chromatin Decondensation and Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation","volume":"184","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leshner, M., Wang, S., Lewis, C., Zheng, H., Chen, X.A., Santy, L., and Wang, Y. (2012). PAD4 Mediated Histone Hypercitrullination Induces Heterochromatin Decondensation and Chromatin Unfolding to Form Neutrophil Extracellular Trap-like Structures. Front. Immun., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2012.00307"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2015.10.398","article-title":"Neutrophil NET Formation Is Regulated from the inside by Myeloperoxidase-Processed Reactive Oxygen Species","volume":"89","author":"Welin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aam8897","article-title":"Host DNases Prevent Vascular Occlusion by Neutrophil Extracellular Traps","volume":"358","author":"Rangaswamy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1925","article-title":"FACT Is a Sensor of DNA Torsional Stress in Eukaryotic Cells","volume":"45","author":"Safina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.10.010","article-title":"Z-Form Extracellular DNA Is a Structural Component of the Bacterial Biofilm Matrix","volume":"184","author":"Buzzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae034","article-title":"Extracellular G-Quadruplexes and Z-DNA Protect Biofilms from DNase I, and G-Quadruplexes Form a DNAzyme with Peroxidase Activity","volume":"52","author":"Minero","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u00f6mer, D., Walther, T., M\u00f6ller, S., Behnen, M., and Laskay, T. (2021). Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Activate Proinflammatory Functions of Human Neutrophils. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.636954"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saffarzadeh, M., Juenemann, C., Queisser, M.A., Lochnit, G., Barreto, G., Galuska, S.P., Lohmeyer, J., and Preissner, K.T. (2012). Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Directly Induce Epithelial and Endothelial Cell Death: A Predominant Role of Histones. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032366"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18240","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-74370-9","article-title":"Markers of Neutrophil Activation and Extracellular Traps Formation Are Predictive of Appendicitis in Mice and Humans: A Pilot Study","volume":"10","author":"Boettcher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2021.07.010","article-title":"Markers of Neutrophil Activation and Extracellular Trap Formation Predict Appendicitis","volume":"171","author":"Boettcher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1959","article-title":"Netting neutrophils in autoimmune small-vessel vasculitis","volume":"15","author":"Kessenbrock","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sandwich ELISA for Circulating Myeloperoxidase- and Neutrophil Elastase-DNA Complexes Released from Neutrophil Extracellular Traps","volume":"5","author":"Kano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Tech. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2689","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1201719","article-title":"Neutrophil Extracellular Traps: Double-Edged Swords of Innate Immunity","volume":"189","author":"Kaplan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keshari, R.S., Jyoti, A., Dubey, M., Kothari, N., Kohli, M., Bogra, J., Barthwal, M.K., and Dikshit, M. (2012). Cytokines Induced Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Formation: Implication for the Inflammatory Disease Condition. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0048111"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaao4227","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao4227","article-title":"Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Produced during Inflammation Awaken Dormant Cancer Cells in Mice","volume":"361","author":"Albrengues","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"2438","article-title":"Proteinase 3 and Neutrophil Elastase Enhance Inflammation in Mice by Inactivating Antiinflammatory Progranulin","volume":"118","author":"Kessenbrock","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27","DOI":"10.4110\/in.2018.18.e27","article-title":"Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns in Inflammatory Diseases","volume":"18","author":"Roh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immune Netw."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1369\/0022155417740880","article-title":"Danger-Associated Molecular Patterns Derived From the Extracellular Matrix Provide Temporal Control of Innate Immunity","volume":"66","author":"Frevert","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12821","article-title":"The Immunology of the Vermiform Appendix: A Review of the Literature","volume":"186","author":"Kooij","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6673","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7673","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms of NET Formation and Degradation Revealed by Intravital Imaging in the Liver Vasculature","volume":"6","author":"Kolaczkowska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-024-06892-3","article-title":"Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Characterize Caseating Granulomas","volume":"15","author":"Zlatar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.13201","article-title":"Five-Year Follow-up of Antibiotic Therapy for Uncomplicated Acute Appendicitis in the APPAC Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"320","author":"Salminen","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2025.6218","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Appendicitis: 2025 Edition of the World Society of Emergency Surgery Jerusalem Guidelines","volume":"161","author":"Podda","year":"2026","journal-title":"JAMA Surg."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.9008","article-title":"Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Diagnostic Accuracy of Procalcitonin, C-Reactive Protein and White Blood Cell Count for Suspected Acute Appendicitis","volume":"100","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u00f6lling, M., Andric, M., Rahimli, M., Kl\u00f6s, M., Pachmann, J., Stockheim, J., Al-Madhi, S., Wex, C., Kahlert, U.D., and Herrmann, M. (2024). Inflammatory Signals Across the Spectrum: A Detailed Exploration of Acute Appendicitis Stages According to EAES 2015 Guidelines. Diagnostics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14202335"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6586","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-025-12038-z","article-title":"Complicated Appendicitis: Value of Inflammatory Markers Based on EAES 2015 Guidelines","volume":"39","author":"Pachmann","year":"2025","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1080\/15384047.2019.1598759","article-title":"Life and Death of Circulating Cell-Free DNA","volume":"20","author":"Kustanovich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stoimenou, M., Tzoros, G., Skendros, P., and Chrysanthopoulou, A. (2022). Methods for the Assessment of NET Formation: From Neutrophil Biology to Translational Research. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232415823"}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/15\/16\/1489\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T08:09:29Z","timestamp":1787126969000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/15\/16\/1489"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["cells15161489"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells15161489","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]}}}