{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T08:22:53Z","timestamp":1787559773614,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coronary artery disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in modern medicine. In contrast, surgical myocardial revascularization via coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) remains the gold standard of treatment for complex multivessel disease. The great saphenous vein remains the most frequently used conduit due to its availability and technical simplicity, but its long-term patency is significantly inferior to that of arterial grafts. The primary pathological process responsible for vein graft failure is intimal hyperplasia, which represents a complex response of the vascular wall to surgical trauma, vein arterialization, inflammation, and hemodynamic stress. This process is characterized by endothelial dysfunction, inflammatory cell activation, proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells, and extracellular matrix remodeling. Underpinning these alterations are numerous molecular pathways, including NF-\u03baB, MAPK, PI3K\/Akt, TGF-\u03b2, and mTOR signaling, as well as substantial contributions from oxidative stress, cytokines, growth factors, and microRNAs. Contemporary research indicates that the phenotypic transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells constitutes the central event in the development of intimal hyperplasia. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying this disease\u2019s onset enables the development of novel therapeutic strategies to preserve long-term graft patency. This review paper aims to provide a systematic overview of current knowledge regarding the molecular and cellular mechanisms of intimal hyperplasia development in vein grafts following CABG.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15171520","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T08:03:41Z","timestamp":1787558621000},"page":"1520","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Molecular Mechanisms of Intimal Hyperplasia in Saphenous Vein Grafts After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1445-732X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dejan M.","family":"Lazovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dragan","family":"Cvetkovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milica Karadzic","family":"Kocica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Center for Anesthesiology, Reanimatology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Selena","family":"Nesic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Anesthesiology, Reanimatology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8237-9641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dragan","family":"Ivanisevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4600-3616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vojkan","family":"Aleksic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1391-5053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mladen J.","family":"Kocica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jovana","family":"Klac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Cardiology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0711-4541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danko","family":"Grujic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4897-4930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir","family":"Jovicic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3045-5263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Juricic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Cardiology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1711.2005.01407.x","article-title":"Cellular, molecular and immunological mechanisms in the pathophysiology of vein graft intimal hyperplasia","volume":"84","author":"Mitra","year":"2006","journal-title":"Immunol. 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