{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T04:22:01Z","timestamp":1787718121063,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Seoul Medical Center","award":["#23-C01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#23-C01"]}]},{"award":["#23-C01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#23-C01"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/002nav185","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2025-00517458"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-00517458"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2019-NR40073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2019-NR40073"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["RS-2025-00517458"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-00517458"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013aysd81","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["RS-2019-NR40073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2019-NR40073"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013aysd81","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014188","name":"Ministry of Science and ICT","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RS-2025-02223118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-02223118"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014188","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["RS-2025-02223118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-02223118"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01wpjm123","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003710","name":"Korea Health Industry Development Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00fdzyk40","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health & Welfare","award":["RS-2025-02215684"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-02215684"]}]},{"award":["RS-2025-02215684"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-02215684"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00vxgjw72","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urban particulate matter (UPM) is a major environmental pollutant known to induce systemic inflammation. While its respiratory toxicity is well-documented, the potential vulnerability of the female reproductive system to inhaled UPM remains a critical concern. In this study, we evaluated female reproductive outcomes in a murine model following repeated short-term intratracheal instillation of UPM (40\u2013200 mg\/kg) for a month. Our results demonstrate that while UPM exposure induced robust, dose-dependent pulmonary inflammation, characterized by immune cell infiltration (CD45+, F4\/80+, and Ly6G+) and upregulation of pro-inflammatory (Il-6, Il-1\u03b2, and Tnf\u03b1) and fibrotic (Col1a1 and Tgf\u03b21) markers, no apparent adverse effects were observed in the reproductive endpoints examined. No significant alterations were observed in maternal pregnancy outcomes, including oocyte recovery rates, fertilization competence, gestation duration, litter size, and postnatal development of pups. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of inflammatory markers in the ovaries and uteri was not detectable. Direct in vitro exposure of two-cell embryos to UPM did not interfere with preimplantation embryo development. Although benzanthracene slightly reduced the blastocyst formation rate, UPM and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, major toxic components of UPM, did not severely compromise preimplantation embryo development in vitro. In conclusion, these findings suggest that marked UPM-induced pulmonary inflammation is not accompanied by substantial alterations in the female reproductive outcomes examined under short-term exposure conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15171522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T14:49:34Z","timestamp":1787582974000},"page":"1522","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Repeated Short-Term Intratracheal Exposure to Urban Particulate Matter Has No Apparent Adverse Effects on Female Reproductive Outcomes in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Seo Hyeon","family":"Mun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School, CHA University, Pocheon 11160, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyunsun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School, CHA University, Pocheon 11160, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8661-8316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Doh Hee","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research Institute, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul 02053, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae Hyeok","family":"Heo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research Institute, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul 02053, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul 02053, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myeong Jin","family":"Yeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seoul MC Fertility Center, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul 02053, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8270-1809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sun-Hee","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seoul MC Fertility Center, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul 02053, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5027-7310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haengseok","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School, CHA University, Pocheon 11160, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Division of Life Sciences, CHA University, Pocheon 11160, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pryor, J.T., Cowley, L.O., and Simonds, S.E. 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