{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T09:08:37Z","timestamp":1788772117676,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Gedeon Richter Plc. 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However, the presence of autistic-like symptoms is highly variable in treated offspring. The disruption of the excitation\u2013inhibition balance of certain brain areas has been proposed as a main feature in both human ASD and the VPA model. The current study presents a detailed analysis of neural development, diverse behaviors, and neocortical excitability in a high number of individually identified VPA-treated rat offspring of both sexes. Neocortical excitability was assessed using electrophysiological and intrinsic optical imaging methods. Prenatal VPA treatment caused a delay in early postnatal sensorimotor development in rat pups of both sexes. Behavioral effects were associated with congenital morphological alterations (e.g., tail kink), as shown by stratification by principal component analysis and correlation analysis. Social deficits were evident only in the VPA-treated male offspring, while the females appear to be resistant to this effect. Prenatal VPA treatment was associated with sex- and region-dependent alterations in the excitability and seizure susceptibility of entorhinal and prefrontal cortical slices. Cortical excitability measures showed partial correlation with morphological and behavioral parameters. Thus, the current study further supports the validity of the rodent prenatal VPA model as a model of ASD for both sexes, but the variable degree of affectedness should be taken into account. Congenital malformation severity, including tail kink, may serve as a readily observable marker for subsequent physiological alterations, particularly in males.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15171617","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T08:07:06Z","timestamp":1788768426000},"page":"1617","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Individual and Sex Differences in Behavior and Cortical Excitability in the Rat Valproate Model of Autism"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Viktor","family":"Kelemen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, P\u00e1zm\u00e1ny P\u00e9ter s\u00e9t\u00e1ny 1\/c, 1117 Budapest, 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1117 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5025-1778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e1ndor","family":"Borb\u00e9ly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, P\u00e1zm\u00e1ny P\u00e9ter s\u00e9t\u00e1ny 1\/c, 1117 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Neuronal Network and Behavior Research Group, HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine, Szigony u. 43, 1083 Budapest, 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1\/c, 1117 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine\u2013Semmelweis University (HCEMM-SU), Neurobiology and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Institute of Clinical Pathophysiology, Semmelweis University, T\u0171zolt\u00f3 u. 37-47, 1094 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Human Neuron Physiology and Therapy Core Group, Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine, Budapesti \u00fat 9, 6728 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7945-2672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petra","family":"Varr\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, 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