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Moreover, the tumor microenvironment (TME) that surrounds the tumor supports cancer cell survival and resistance to chemo- and immunotherapies by inhibiting antitumor immune responses and thereby reducing the efficacy of immunotherapeutic interventions. cGAS-STING signaling senses cytoplasmic DNA and coordinates innate immune responses that shape tumor-intrinsic outcomes and the TME. Emerging evidence reveals a context-dependent, dualistic role for cGAS-STING in metastatic progression and cancer dormancy. Acute, robust activation in antigen-presenting cells promotes type I interferon responses, leading to suppression of tumor growth. By contrast, chronic, low-level cancer-intrinsic STING signaling can engage inflammatory programs that foster immune suppression and therapy resistance. Dormant disseminated tumor cells exploit niche cues to downregulate STING signaling and evade immune detection, whereas reactivation of dormant cells often involves restoration of STING activity that can promote immune elimination. In this article, we review mechanisms linking genome instability and cytoplasmic DNA to STING activation, summarize evidence for tumor-suppressive versus tumor-promoting functions across metastatic niches, and discuss how STING agonists and combination strategies may be optimized to maximize antitumor immunity while avoiding protumorigenic effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15171619","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T08:07:06Z","timestamp":1788768426000},"page":"1619","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Context-Dependent cGAS-STING Activation Shapes Metastatic Progression and Dormancy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4463-1368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eilma","family":"Akter-Yasuoka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cell Signaling and Informatics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan"},{"name":"Bioinformatics and Omics Unit, Collaborative Research Promotion Domain, Next-Generation Precision Cancer Research Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka 541-8567, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Oncogenesis and Growth Regulation, Frontier Exploratory Research Domain, Next-Generation Precision Cancer Research Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka 541-8567, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tak","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0764-8646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takahiko","family":"Murayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8844-4295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Nakayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cell Signaling and Informatics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan"},{"name":"Bioinformatics and Omics Unit, Collaborative Research Promotion Domain, Next-Generation Precision Cancer Research Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka 541-8567, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-21-1059","article-title":"Hallmarks of Cancer: New Dimensions","volume":"12","author":"Hanahan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.02.013","article-title":"Hallmarks of cancer: The next generation","volume":"144","author":"Hanahan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1098","article-title":"The pathogenesis of cancer metastasis: The \u2018seed and soil\u2019 hypothesis revisited","volume":"3","author":"Fidler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. 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