{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T15:12:51Z","timestamp":1788880371928,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Exercise is a recurrent multidimensional perturbation that initiates biological adaptation, yet responses to comparable training programmes remain heterogeneous. This critical narrative Review introduces the Adaptive Cellular State (ACS) Model as a heuristic framework for examining how the biological context present before training may contribute to variation in the subsequent processing and consolidation of exercise-induced perturbations. ACS is defined as a pre-existing, dynamic and multidimensional biological configuration that may condition how exercise-induced perturbations are received, decoded, executed and retained across repeated adaptive cycles. The model organizes nine interacting domains\u2014mitochondrial quality, metabolic flexibility, nutrient sensing, redox responsiveness, inflammatory tone, microbiota-derived signalling, endothelial function, proteostasis and epigenetic readiness\u2014and proposes four emergent properties: gain, fidelity, biological noise and memory. These domains and properties are theoretical constructs rather than validated ACS measurements or clinical categories. Exercise remains the indispensable initiating stimulus, whereas nutrition may act through distinct routes: acute nutritional conditions may modify the internal perturbation generated during exercise, habitual dietary quality may influence selected components of the pre-existing biological context, and recovery nutrition may provide substrates or modify conditions relevant to remodelling. Nutrient-adequate dietary patterns emphasizing minimally processed foods and a diverse plant-food component represent plausible candidate exposures, but current evidence does not establish superiority over appropriately constructed high-quality omnivorous patterns or demonstrate greater long-term training adaptation. The ACS Model should therefore be interpreted as a prospective and falsifiable research framework whose validity depends on whether prespecified baseline ACS-related measures provide reproducible information about durable adaptation beyond conventional metabolic, fitness and training-history variables.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15181629","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T14:55:46Z","timestamp":1788879346000},"page":"1629","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Adaptive Cellular State Model: A Conceptual Framework Linking Dietary Quality to Exercise-Induced Cellular Adaptation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7422-1546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Fit Generation Research Institute, AD500 Andorra la Vella, Andorra"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gonzalo","family":"Quesada-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Fit Generation Research Institute, AD500 Andorra la Vella, Andorra"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3947-0822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edgar Sim\u00f3n","family":"Sancho-Haro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Fit Generation Research Institute, AD500 Andorra la Vella, Andorra"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7412-7624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Francisco","family":"L\u00f3pez-Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad Esp\u00edritu Santo, Samborond\u00f3n 092301, Ecuador"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chile, Temuco 4780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0553-6210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"L\u00f3pez-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0747-8133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Francisco","family":"Tornero-Aguilera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Fit Generation Research Institute, AD500 Andorra la Vella, Andorra"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-023-00606-x","article-title":"Exercise metabolism and adaptation in skeletal muscle","volume":"24","author":"Smith","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. 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