{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T11:10:35Z","timestamp":1789038635340,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Emerging liquid biopsy platforms are expanding frontiers in lung cancer care, facilitating real-time molecular insights and addressing some of the limitations of tissue biopsy. While standardization and sensitivity improvements are undergoing continuous refinement in those liquid biopsy techniques that are now established, several advancements are expanding the panorama of its potential future applications. This review offers an overview of the emerging uses of liquid biopsy in the field of lung cancer, with a specific focus on emerging technologies. We comprehensively reviewed the literature through PubMed and Embase, combining keywords and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) related to small-cell (SCLC) and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and liquid biopsy using Boolean operators. The search was limited to publications from 2017 up to 2026. Titles and abstracts underwent manual scrutiny for relevance. We critically analyzed a body of evidence assessing the potential role of liquid biopsy in common and uncommon applications, such as its combination with machine learning and AI and its integration in multiomics approaches or its usage in next-generation technologies\u2014including label-free CTC isolation, DNA fragmentomics and end-motif profiling, four-dimensional proteomics, and unconventional biospecimens\u2014that remain largely unaddressed in prior narrative reviews on this topic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15181641","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T10:27:21Z","timestamp":1789036041000},"page":"1641","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Consolidated Evidence and New Frontiers of Liquid Biopsy in Lung Cancer: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ornella","family":"Cantale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ospedale San Luigi Gonzaga, 10043 Orbassano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9461-0478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Nepote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ospedale San Luigi Gonzaga, 10043 Orbassano, Italy"},{"name":"Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Lombardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ospedale San Luigi Gonzaga, 10043 Orbassano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2696-7387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Benso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Oncology\u2014Paola Gilardi Lab, Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6255-5905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tommaso","family":"Trisciuoglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Oncology\u2014Paola Gilardi Lab, Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0617-6184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"List\u00ec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Oncology\u2014Paola Gilardi Lab, Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0343-7078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Bersani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Oncology\u2014Paola Gilardi Lab, Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1277-6263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riccardo","family":"Taulli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Oncology\u2014Paola Gilardi Lab, Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8927-204X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luisella","family":"Righi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Unit, Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Passiglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Ospedale San Luigi Gonzaga, 10043 Orbassano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2024.102693","article-title":"Global burden of lung cancer in 2022 and projections to 2050: Incidence and mortality estimates from GLOBOCAN","volume":"93","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S272552","article-title":"Extensive-Stage Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Current Landscape and Future Prospects","volume":"16","author":"Saida","year":"2023","journal-title":"Onco Targets Ther."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2204.0023","article-title":"Non\u2013Small Cell Lung Cancer, Version 4.2024","volume":"22","author":"Riely","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. 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