{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T11:03:00Z","timestamp":1789642980093,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":190,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Statutory Subsidy Funds of the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology","award":["SUBZ.D260.26.013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUBZ.D260.26.013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mitochondrial dysfunction is a recurrent but context-dependent feature of neurodegenerative disease, and its position in the pathogenic cascade differs fundamentally between disorders. This narrative review argues that this heterogeneity, rather than mitochondrial biology itself, determines therapeutic tractability. We synthesize evidence on mitochondrial regulation of neuronal development, organelle quality control, redox signaling and neuroinflammation; on oxidative biomarkers, whose clinical use remains constrained by limited disease specificity, methodological heterogeneity and insufficient longitudinal validation; and on therapeutic strategies ranging from antioxidants and NAD+ augmentation to mitochondrial genome engineering, targeted delivery and organelle transfer. A consistent pattern emerges across these domains: broadly acting interventions have repeatedly failed in sporadic disease, whereas the strongest translational signals arise where mitochondrial dysfunction is genetically anchored and pathway-proximal. Mitochondrial modulation is therefore unlikely to provide a universal disease-modifying strategy, but remains a useful, carefully targeted addition for patient groups identified by genetic or specific biological markers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15181683","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T09:59:03Z","timestamp":1789639143000},"page":"1683","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mitochondrial Modulation as a Therapeutic Entry Point in Neurodegeneration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0172-061X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mateusz","family":"Mamala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"},{"name":"The Students\u2019 Research Group, SKN No. 148, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2503-7473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Izabela","family":"Skowron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Students\u2019 Research Group, SKN No. 148, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3570-0983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Marczuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"},{"name":"The Students\u2019 Research Group, SKN No. 148, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arkadiusz","family":"Bujas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Students\u2019 Research Group, SKN No. 148, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jolanta","family":"Harasiuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8272-5440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julita","family":"Kulbacka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Bioelectrochemistry, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2023.10.002","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"21","author":"Klemmensen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plascencia-Villa, G., and Perry, G. 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