{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T11:08:42Z","timestamp":1790075322588,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and impaired pancreatic beta-cell function, resulting in sustained hyperglycemia [...]<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15191723","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T10:21:48Z","timestamp":1790072508000},"page":"1723","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Diabetes-Induced Organ Damage: Cellular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1115-4550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed S.","family":"Razzaque","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Education, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley (UTRGV), Edinburg, TX 78541, USA"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak (UniKL RCMP), No. 3, Jalan Greentown, Ipoh 30450, Perak, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-025-00728-y","article-title":"Diabetes-induced multiorgan damage: Can magnesium delay the process?","volume":"15","author":"Martins","year":"2026","journal-title":"Curr. Nutr. Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moon, C.H., Koh, T.Y., Yoon, J.S., Kim, M., and Ha, K.S. (2026). Norrin ameliorates retinal ganglion cell apoptosis by normalizing VEGF and PEDF dysregulation in diabetic retinopathy. Cells, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15080689"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X14666160523144245","article-title":"Neuroretinal Apoptosis as a vascular dysfunction in diabetic patients","volume":"14","author":"Mrugacz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2017.08.012","article-title":"Norrin treatment improves ganglion cell survival in an oxygen-induced retinopathy model of retinal ischemia","volume":"164","author":"Dailey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4647","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA119.011273","article-title":"Norrin restores blood-retinal barrier properties after vascular endothelial growth factor-induced permeability","volume":"295","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Asrar, A.M.A., Nawaz, M.I., Ahmad, A., Siddiquei, M., Allegaert, E., Adyns, L., Vanbrabant, L., Gikandi, P.W., De Hertogh, G., and Struyf, S. (2025). ADAMTS13 improves endothelial function and reduces inflammation in diabetic retinopathy. Cells, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14020085"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seo, H., Park, S.J., and Song, M. (2025). Diabetic Retinopathy (DR): Mechanisms, current therapies, and emerging strategies. Cells, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14050376"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, H.H., Tseng, T.L., Li, H.F., Hsieh, Y.T., Tran, T.T., Wu, Y.L., and Lin, H. (2025). ST32da, a novel salvia miltiorrhiza-derived ATF3 inducer, alleviates obesity-related diabetic nephropathy in mouse models. Cells, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14231893"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J.Y., Kang, Y., Jeon, J.Y., and Han, S.J. (2025). Imeglimin inhibits macrophage foam cell formation and atherosclerosis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic ApoE-deficient mice. Cells, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14070472"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2006.04.012","article-title":"Lipid efflux by the ATP-binding cassette transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1","volume":"1761","author":"Cavelier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3311","article-title":"AMPK: A nutrient and energy sensor that maintains energy homeostasis","volume":"13","author":"Hardie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-020-01434-5","article-title":"Imeglimin: Current development and future potential in type 2 diabetes","volume":"81","author":"Konkwo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.114.302721","article-title":"Mechanisms of plaque formation and rupture","volume":"114","author":"Bentzon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ara\u00fajo, R., P\u00e1scoa, R., Bernardino, R., and Gomes, P.S. (2025). Impact of high glucose on bone collagenous matrix composition, structure, and organization: An integrative analysis using an Ex vivo model. Cells, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14020130"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016398200087","article-title":"The renal expression of heat shock protein 47 and collagens in acute and chronic experimental diabetes in rats","volume":"33","author":"Liu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Histochem. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1159\/000045217","article-title":"Coexpression of collagens and collagen-binding heat shock protein 47 in human diabetic nephropathy and IgA nephropathy","volume":"80","author":"Razzaque","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2006.12.001","article-title":"The collagen-specific molecular chaperone HSP47: Is there a role in fibrosis?","volume":"13","author":"Taguchi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vitale, R., Linguiti, G., Granberg, V., Lattanzio, C., Giordano, P., and Faienza, M.F. (2025). Muscle-bone crosstalk and metabolic dysregulation in children and young people affected with type 1 diabetes: Mechanisms and clinical implications. Cells, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14201611"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a029686","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a029686","article-title":"Molecular basis of exercise-induced skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis: Historical advances, current knowledge, and future challenges","volume":"8","author":"Perry","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2016.162","article-title":"Exercise-stimulated glucose uptake\u2014Regulation and implications for glycaemic control","volume":"13","author":"Sylow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Root-Bernstein, R. (2026). Type 1 Diabetes-associated autoantibodies, sera and T-cell receptor sequences recognize myelin basic protein: A novel peripheral diabetic neuropathy\u2013multiple sclerosis connection. Cells, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15151384"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kordas, B., and Juranek, J.K. (2026). Axonal transport failure as a cellular mechanism of diabetic neuropathy. Cells, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15121078"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prathigudupu, V., Lee, M., Uriarte, I., So, G., Kaur, R., Kaur, S., Ghacham, F., and Venketaraman, V. (2026). Diabetes-related complications: Mechanisms and emerging therapies. Cells, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15141296"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, H., Ma, X., Wang, Z., Zhu, D., Guo, Y., Zhao, L., and Xiao, W. (2025). The Effects of different types of exercise on pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis in mice with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cells, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14131026"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1177\/2150131913520328","article-title":"Insulin sensitivity following exercise interventions: Systematic review and meta-analysis of outcomes among healthy adults","volume":"5","author":"Conn","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Prim. Care Community Health"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jakovljevic, N.K., Pavlovic, K., Jotic, A., Lalic, K., Stoiljkovic, M., Lukic, L., Milicic, T., Macesic, M., Gajovic, J.S., and Lalic, N.M. (2021). Targeting mitochondria in diabetes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126642"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad, R., Shaju, R., Atfi, A., and Razzaque, M.S. (2024). Zinc and diabetes: A connection between micronutrient and metabolism. Cells, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13161359"}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/15\/19\/1723\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T10:56:24Z","timestamp":1790074584000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/15\/19\/1723"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["cells15191723"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells15191723","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]}}}