{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T15:01:03Z","timestamp":1790866863438,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":169,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Breast cancer cells exhibit a tight dependence on glucose metabolism, sustained both by the transcriptional deregulation of metabolism-related genes and the spatiotemporal organization of the glycolytic machinery across cellular compartments. Although the overexpression of GLUT1 and key glycolytic enzymes is a well-established hallmark of aggressive breast cancer subtypes, expression-level analyses sometimes fail to predict the increased glycolytic flux in breast cancer cells. Subcellular localisation is in fact a critical, yet underappreciated, regulatory layer controlling glycolytic flux. Key mechanisms contributing to this include the recruitment of glycolytic enzymes into dynamic cytoplasmic assemblies, the association of glycolytic enzymes and GLUT1 with membrane scaffolding platforms that concentrate glycolytic activity at sites of glucose entry and utilization, and their co-recruitment to endocytic vesicles enabling compartment-specific metabolic support. Specific protein\u2013protein interactions determine these scenarios. We review both the conventional and emerging techniques to resolve the organizational complexity, as well as the functional and clinical implications, of this spatial regulatory layer in breast cancer. We highlight the spatial organization of GLUT1 and glycolytic enzymes as a critical determinant of glycolytic flux and suggest that disrupting their architecture may lead to new therapeutic strategies in breast cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15191726","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T14:45:10Z","timestamp":1790865910000},"page":"1726","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spatial Architecture of GLUT1 and Glycolytic Complexes in Breast Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5268-3198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Secco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Mascaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6386-2009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Costanzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"Center for Genetic Engineering (CEINGE)-Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, 80145 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1883-712X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucia","family":"Santorelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Vedano al Lambro, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Sgarra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1153-4273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Petrosino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Biotechnological Sciences, Intensive Care and Perioperative Clinics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1160809","article-title":"Understanding the Warburg effect: The metabolic requirements of cell proliferation","volume":"324","author":"Cantley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.02.013","article-title":"Hallmarks of cancer: The next generation","volume":"144","author":"Hanahan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitaishvili, E., Feinsod, H., David, Z., Shpigel, J., Fernandez, C., Sauane, M., and de la Parra, C. 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