{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T08:58:31Z","timestamp":1790585911390,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":231,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32GM008629"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32GM008629"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32GM145441"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32GM145441"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["T32GM008629"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32GM008629"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04q48ey07","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["T32GM145441"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32GM145441"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04q48ey07","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R25NS130966"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R25NS130966"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["R25NS130966"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R25NS130966"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01s5ya894","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001024","name":"Roy J. Carver Charitable Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01ah2ch91","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Iowa Women\u2019s Brain Initiative Research Program of Excellence"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The field of neuroplacentology is a growing area that focuses on the influence of placental function on brain development. This field has expanded our understanding of the placenta\u2019s crucial role in proper neurodevelopment as well as placental anomalies that increase the risk of adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. Neuroplacentology studies have revealed distinct roles of placentally provided hormones and nutrients in neurodevelopment whose disruption by perinatal problems, including inflammation, can increase the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder and ADHD. Placental insulin-like growth factor signaling significantly influences brain growth in animal model studies and is tightly linked with human neurodevelopmental outcomes. Insulin-like growth factor signaling is well-established as a regulator of placental function and is fundamental in fetal brain cell developmental processes and plays a role in inflammation. Placental insulin-like growth factor signaling underlies the placental production and delivery of hormones and nutrients that are necessary for fetal neural cell proliferation, differentiation, and growth. It is especially important to study this pathway in the placenta due to aberrant insulin-like growth factor signaling found in conditions such as preterm birth, fetal growth restriction, gestational diabetes, and obesity. All these conditions are linked to a greater risk for neurodevelopmental disorders, neuroinflammation, and other anomalies. This research subfield has also revealed sex differences in the insulin-like growth factor signaling pathway that will contribute to understanding the etiologies of these conditions. This area of study has and will continue to identify specific mechanisms, many currently in model systems, which could eventually be leveraged in preventative and interventive care to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15191759","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T08:18:46Z","timestamp":1790583526000},"page":"1759","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Placental Insulin-like Growth Factor Signaling and Neurodevelopment: Emerging Evidence from the Placenta\u2013Brain Axis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1865-0370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annemarie J.","family":"Carver","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA"},{"name":"Iowa Neuroscience Institute, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Lurie Center for Autism, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleanor G.","family":"Williamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA"},{"name":"Iowa Neuroscience Institute, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA"},{"name":"Iowa Discovering Research Experiences and Mentorship Postbaccalaureate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3906-0786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanna E.","family":"Stevens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA"},{"name":"Iowa Neuroscience Institute, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA"},{"name":"Iowa Discovering Research Experiences and Mentorship Postbaccalaureate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA"},{"name":"Hawk-Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vacher, C.M., Bonnin, A., Mir, I.N., and Penn, A.A. (2023). Editorial: Advances and perspectives in neuroplacentology. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1206072"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.06.014","article-title":"Placental fetal vascular malperfusion, neonatal neurologic morbidity, and infant neurodevelopmental outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"229","author":"Spinillo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e033189","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.123.033189","article-title":"Placental Pathology Contributes to Impaired Volumetric Brain Development in Neonates With Congenital Heart Disease","volume":"13","author":"Nijman","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2578","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-06300-w","article-title":"Placental pathology predicts infantile neurodevelopment","volume":"12","author":"Ueda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-017-0444-6","article-title":"PLGF, a placental marker of fetal brain defects after in utero alcohol exposure","volume":"5","author":"Lecuyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-021-00896-4","article-title":"Placental endocrine function shapes cerebellar development and social behavior","volume":"24","author":"Vacher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bakalar, D., O\u2019Reilly, J.J., Lacaille, H., Salzbank, J., Ellegood, J., Lerch, J.P., Sasaki, T., Imamura, Y., Hashimoto-Torii, K., and Vacher, C.M. (2022). Lack of placental neurosteroid alters cortical development and female somatosensory function. Front. Endocrinol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.972033"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24603","article-title":"The placenta-brain-axis","volume":"99","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09972","article-title":"A transient placental source of serotonin for the fetal forebrain","volume":"472","author":"Bonnin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yalcin, S.E., Ozler, M.R., Yalcin, Y., Saglam, E., Yilmaz, E.S., and Nerez, N. (2025). Association of Early Pregnancy Inflammatory Indices with Preterm Birth and Perinatal Outcomes in Pregnancies with Pregestational Diabetes. J. Clin. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14196834"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-024-03101-x","article-title":"Perinatal inflammation, fetal growth restriction, and long-term neurodevelopmental impairment in Bangladesh","volume":"96","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2018.06.008","article-title":"The Impact of Systemic Inflammation on Neurodevelopment","volume":"24","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2025.115453","article-title":"Placental Igf1 overexpression sex-specifically impacts mouse placenta structure, altering offspring striatal development and behavior","volume":"394","author":"Carver","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2016.12.025","article-title":"Sex-Specific Neurodevelopmental Programming by Placental Insulin Receptors on Stress Reactivity and Sensorimotor Gating","volume":"82","author":"Bronson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9846","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-64814-z","article-title":"Microglia alter sex-specific cerebellar myelination following placental hormone loss","volume":"16","author":"Salzbank","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peric, M., Beceheli, I., Cicin-Sain, L., Desoye, G., and Stefulj, J. (2022). Serotonin system in the human placenta\u2014The knowns and unknowns. Front. Endocrinol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1061317"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.20995","article-title":"Boys live dangerously in the womb","volume":"22","author":"Eriksson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5258","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1211070110","article-title":"Examining and interpreting the female protective effect against autistic behavior","volume":"110","author":"Robinson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xgen.2022.100134","article-title":"The female protective effect against autism spectrum disorder","volume":"2","author":"Wigdor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Genom."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2016.04.004","article-title":"Is There a Female Protective Effect Against Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder? Evidence From Two Representative Twin Samples","volume":"55","author":"Taylor","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5057","DOI":"10.1113\/JP273330","article-title":"Placental phenotype and the insulin-like growth factors: Resource allocation to fetal growth","volume":"595","author":"Sandovici","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wrigley, S., Arafa, D., and Tropea, D. (2017). Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1: At the Crossroads of Brain Development and Aging. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2017.00014"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1","article-title":"Intrauterine Growth Retardation (IUGR) as a Novel Condition of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) Deficiency","volume":"170","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-02936-5","article-title":"Placental IGFBP1 levels during early pregnancy and the risk of insulin resistance and gestational diabetes","volume":"30","author":"Hivert","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.17925\/EE.2024.20.1.5","article-title":"The Placental Role in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Molecular Perspective","volume":"20","author":"Calvo","year":"2024","journal-title":"touchREV. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.03.031","article-title":"Analysis of Insulin-like growth factor-1 serum levels and promoter (rs12579108) polymorphism in the children with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"99","author":"Abedini","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"186","article-title":"Serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 in children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1017\/S0012162206001605","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid insulin-like growth factors IGF-1 and IGF-2 in infantile autism","volume":"48","author":"Riikonen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-017-9742-9","article-title":"Systemic Inflammation during the First Postnatal Month and the Risk of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Characteristics among 10 year-old Children Born Extremely Preterm","volume":"12","author":"Allred","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1177\/10870547231197211","article-title":"Analysis of Serum VEGF, IGF-1, and HIF-1alpha Levels in ADHD","volume":"28","author":"Erturk","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Atten. Disord."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2007.02868.x","article-title":"Elevated levels of growth-related hormones in autism and autism spectrum disorder","volume":"67","author":"Mills","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-021-01886-4","article-title":"Interrelationships among growth hormone, thyroid function, and endocrine-disrupting chemicals on the susceptibility to attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, K., Zhang, T., Niu, R., Zhao, L., Cheng, Z., Li, J., and Wang, L. (2024). Unveiling the role of IGF1R in autism spectrum disorder: A multi-omics approach to decipher common pathogenic mechanisms in the IGF signaling pathway. Front. Genet., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2024.1483574"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020032300","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-032300","article-title":"Preterm or Early Term Birth and Risk of Autism","volume":"148","author":"Crump","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.21037\/tp.2019.09.10","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm infants: A recent literature review","volume":"9","author":"Chou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1586109","article-title":"Role of Insulinlike Growth Factor 1 in Fetal Development and in the Early Postnatal Life of Premature Infants","volume":"33","author":"Hellstrom","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benitez Marin, M.J., Blanco Elena, J.A., Marin Clavijo, J., Jimenez Lopez, J., Lubian Lopez, D.M., and Gonzalez Mesa, E. (2022). Neurodevelopment Outcome in Children with Fetal Growth Restriction at Six Years of Age: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191711043"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20170697","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-0697","article-title":"Neurodevelopment at Age 10 Years of Children Born < 28 Weeks With Fetal Growth Restriction","volume":"140","author":"Korzeniewski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2021.02.001","article-title":"Placental Function and the Development of Fetal Overgrowth and Fetal Growth Restriction","volume":"48","author":"Dumolt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(25)00036-1","article-title":"Association between maternal diabetes and neurodevelopmental outcomes in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 202 observational studies comprising 56.1 million pregnancies","volume":"13","author":"Ye","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-01096-7","article-title":"Gestational diabetes induces behavioral and brain gene transcription dysregulation in adult offspring","volume":"10","author":"Hamshawi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eleftheriades, A., Koulouraki, S., Belegrinos, A., Eleftheriades, M., and Pervanidou, P. (2025). Maternal Obesity and Neurodevelopment of the Offspring. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17050891"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20190266","article-title":"Placental function in maternal obesity","volume":"134","author":"Kelly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Selenou, C., Brioude, F., Giabicani, E., Sobrier, M.L., and Netchine, I. (2022). IGF2: Development, Genetic and Epigenetic Abnormalities. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11121886"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-120-1-115","article-title":"The type II insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptor has low affinity for IGF-I analogs: Pleiotypic actions of IGFs on myoblasts are apparently mediated by the type I receptor","volume":"120","author":"Ewton","year":"1987","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2023.03.007","article-title":"IGF2 in memory, neurodevelopmental disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"46","author":"Alberini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"T69","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-17-0311","article-title":"IGF1 receptor signaling pathways","volume":"61","author":"Hakuno","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(00)80249-X","article-title":"M6P\/IGF2R imprinting evolution in mammals","volume":"5","author":"Killian","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0993-74","article-title":"The insulin-like growth factor type-2 receptor gene is imprinted in the mouse but not in humans","volume":"5","author":"Kalscheuer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.12106","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation of the Igf2\/H19 gene cluster","volume":"47","author":"Nordin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Prolif."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20693","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1310201110","article-title":"H19 lncRNA controls gene expression of the Imprinted Gene Network by recruiting MBD1","volume":"110","author":"Monnier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"T11","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-17-0254","article-title":"IGF-binding proteins","volume":"61","author":"Bach","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Werner, H. (2023). The IGF1 Signaling Pathway: From Basic Concepts to Therapeutic Opportunities. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241914882"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s12079-015-0259-9","article-title":"The role of PAPP-A in the IGF system: Location, location, location","volume":"9","author":"Oxvig","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cell Commun. Signal"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1038\/s42004-023-01032-y","article-title":"Cryo-EM structure of human PAPP-A2 and mechanism of substrate recognition","volume":"6","author":"Sridar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Commun. Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10199","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-94094-y","article-title":"Identification of functional rare coding variants in IGF-1 gene in humans with exceptional longevity","volume":"15","author":"Ali","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rotwein, P. (2017). Diversification of the insulin-like growth factor 1 gene in mammals. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189642"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baral, K., and Rotwein, P. (2019). The insulin-like growth factor 2 gene in mammals: Organizational complexity within a conserved locus. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0219155"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.70018","article-title":"A head start: The relationship of placental factors to craniofacial and brain development","volume":"254","author":"Carver","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dev. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"1","article-title":"The putative etiology and prevention of autism","volume":"173","author":"Steinman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.1997.tb00509.x","article-title":"Expression of IGFs and their receptors is a potential marker for embryo quality","volume":"38","author":"Liu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2014.2258","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factors in embryonic and fetal growth and skeletal development (Review)","volume":"10","author":"Agrogiannis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2008.01035.x","article-title":"Insulin and the IGF system in the human placenta of normal and diabetic pregnancies","volume":"215","author":"Hiden","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9179","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.83.23.9179","article-title":"Expression of insulin-like growth factor II in human placentas from normal and diabetic pregnancies","volume":"83","author":"Shen","year":"1986","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.08.005","article-title":"IGF1 molecular anomalies demonstrate its critical role in fetal, postnatal growth and brain development","volume":"25","author":"Netchine","year":"2011","journal-title":"Best. Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2012.04.013","article-title":"The insulin-like growth factor system in bone: Basic and clinical implications","volume":"41","author":"Kawai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-024-00603-5","article-title":"Sex-based differences in growth-related IGF1 signaling in response to PAPP-A2 deficiency: Comparative effects of rhGH, rhIGF1 and rhPAPP-A2 treatments","volume":"15","author":"Navarro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol. Sex. Differ."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"74","article-title":"Sex steroids, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1: Neuroendocrine and metabolic regulation in puberty","volume":"45","author":"Mauras","year":"1996","journal-title":"Horm. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-018-0963-2","article-title":"Effect of low-normal and high-normal IGF-1 levels on memory and wellbeing during growth hormone replacement therapy: A randomized clinical trial in adult growth hormone deficiency","volume":"16","author":"Deijen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Qual. Life Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2017.221","article-title":"IGF2 stimulates fetal growth in a sex- and organ-dependent manner","volume":"83","author":"White","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.31083\/j.jin2311208","article-title":"The Regulatory Effect of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-2 on Hypothalamic Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons during the Pubertal Period","volume":"23","author":"Dai","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Integr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Apicella, C., Ruano, C.S.M., Mehats, C., Miralles, F., and Vaiman, D. (2019). The Role of Epigenetics in Placental Development and the Etiology of Preeclampsia. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20112837"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.11.568","article-title":"MicroRNA-30a-3p is overexpressed in the placentas of patients with preeclampsia and affects trophoblast invasion and apoptosis by its effects on IGF-1","volume":"218","author":"Niu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.114750","article-title":"Overexpression of Igf2-derived Mir483 inhibits Igf1 expression and leads to developmental growth restriction and metabolic dysfunction in mice","volume":"43","author":"Sandovici","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dev156273","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.156273","article-title":"Comparative analysis of mouse and human placentae across gestation reveals species-specific regulators of placental development","volume":"145","author":"Soncin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1177\/01926233211042270","article-title":"Histology Atlas of the Developing Mouse Placenta","volume":"50","author":"Elmore","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2004.06.038","article-title":"Growth and function of the normal human placenta","volume":"114","author":"Gude","year":"2004","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-016-0574-0","article-title":"The decidua-the maternal bed embracing the embryo-maintains the pregnancy","volume":"38","author":"Mori","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-022-04363-6","article-title":"Transcription factor networks in trophoblast development","volume":"79","author":"Papuchova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lawless, L., Qin, Y., Xie, L., and Zhang, K. (2023). Trophoblast Differentiation: Mechanisms and Implications for Pregnancy Complications. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15163564"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dev204838","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.204838","article-title":"Feto-placental blood vessel development","volume":"152","year":"2025","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.5468\/ogs.24247","article-title":"The role of placenta Hofbauer cells during pregnancy and pregnancy complications","volume":"68","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menzies, F.M. (2025). The Placenta as an Immunological Environment. Br. J. Biomed. Sci., 82.","DOI":"10.3389\/bjbs.2025.14910"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-022-00459-7","article-title":"Sex at the interface: The origin and impact of sex differences in the developing human placenta","volume":"13","author":"Braun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol. Sex. Differ."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1078\/0065-1281-00580","article-title":"Expression of insulin-like growth factor in the placenta of intrauterine growth-retarded human fetuses","volume":"103","author":"Dalcik","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Histochem."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2005.01.014","article-title":"The expression of insulin-like growth factor and insulin-like growth factor binding protein mRNAs in mouse placenta","volume":"27","author":"Carter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-20-0128","article-title":"Igf2 deletion alters mouse placenta endocrine capacity in a sexually dimorphic manner","volume":"246","author":"Aykroyd","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2021.12.005","article-title":"The imprinted Igf2-Igf2r axis is critical for matching placental microvasculature expansion to fetal growth","volume":"57","author":"Sandovici","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.110.088195","article-title":"IGF2 actions on trophoblast in human placenta are regulated by the insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor, which can function as both a signaling and clearance receptor","volume":"84","author":"Harris","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1159\/000308163","article-title":"Expression and protein content of IGF-I and IGF-I receptor in placentas from small, adequate and large for gestational age newborns","volume":"73","author":"Iniguez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Horm. Res. Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C1313","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00035.2008","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor I and II regulate the life cycle of trophoblast in the developing human placenta","volume":"294","author":"Forbes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3665","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.8.7711","article-title":"Stimulation of human extravillous trophoblast migration by IGF-II is mediated by IGF type 2 receptor involving inhibitory G protein(s) and phosphorylation of MAPK","volume":"86","author":"McKinnon","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1203\/01.PDR.0000242364.78002.71","article-title":"Altered placental and fetal expression of IGFs and IGF-binding proteins associated with intrauterine growth restriction in fetal sheep during early and mid-pregnancy","volume":"60","author":"Davidsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.3109\/09513591003592726","article-title":"Effect of pituitary growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor type-I on proliferation, apoptosis and hormone secretion of the placental cell line JEG-3","volume":"26","author":"Gregoraszczuk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gynecol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2015.10.001","article-title":"Gene expression profiles of some cytokines, growth factors, receptors, and enzymes (GM-CSF, IFNgamma, MMP-2, IGF-II, EGF, TGF-beta, IGF-IIR) during pregnancy in the cat uterus","volume":"85","author":"Agaoglu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, D., Li, Q., Yang, H., Shi, J., Chen, P., Wang, T., Zhou, L., Dai, W., Zheng, L., and Li, M. (2026). PTN\/IGF-2 signaling modulates endometrial decidualization and immune cell trafficking to facilitate pregnancy maintenance. Front. Immunol., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1790942"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, H.N., Crombleholme, T., and Habli, M. (2013). Adenoviral-mediated placental gene transfer of IGF-1 corrects placental insufficiency via enhanced placental glucose transport mechanisms. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0074632"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2015.02.001","article-title":"Maternal insulin-like growth factor 1 and 2 differentially affect the renin-angiotensin system during pregnancy in the guinea pig","volume":"25","author":"Standen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Growth Horm. IGF Res."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.06.029","article-title":"Placental gene transfer: Transgene screening in mice for trophic effects on the placenta","volume":"201","author":"Katz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3344","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-1328","article-title":"Maternal insulin-like growth factors-I and -II act via different pathways to promote fetal growth","volume":"147","author":"Owens","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4362","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2007-0411","article-title":"Early pregnancy maternal endocrine insulin-like growth factor I programs the placenta for increased functional capacity throughout gestation","volume":"148","author":"Owens","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2008.01.009","article-title":"Maternal insulin-like growth factor-II promotes placental functional development via the type 2 IGF receptor in the guinea pig","volume":"29","author":"Owens","year":"2008","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"100424","article-title":"Aberrant placental structure is corrected with repeated nanoparticle-mediated IGF1 treatments in a Guinea pig model of fetal growth restriction","volume":"40","author":"Davenport","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transl. Res. Anat."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(05)80085-6","article-title":"Role of insulin-like growth factors in embryonic and postnatal growth","volume":"75","author":"Baker","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carver, A.J., Fairbairn, F.M., Taylor, R.J., Hing, B.W.Q., Gajmer, A., Fair, R.T., and Stevens, H.E. (2026). Placental Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Insufficiency Drives Neurodevelopmental Disorder-Relevant Behavioral Changes with Sex-Specific Vulnerabilities. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.01.06.697024"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1038\/nature00819","article-title":"Placental-specific IGF-II is a major modulator of placental and fetal growth","volume":"417","author":"Constancia","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8204","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0402508101","article-title":"Placental-specific insulin-like growth factor 2 (Igf2) regulates the diffusional exchange characteristics of the mouse placenta","volume":"101","author":"Sibley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1038\/345078a0","article-title":"A growth-deficiency phenotype in heterozygous mice carrying an insulin-like growth factor II gene disrupted by targeting","volume":"345","author":"DeChiara","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.1997.8666","article-title":"Growth-promoting interaction of IGF-II with the insulin receptor during mouse embryonic development","volume":"189","author":"Louvi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2004.04.010","article-title":"The effects of acute nutrient restriction in the mid-gestational ewe on maternal and fetal nutrient status, the expression of placental growth factors and fetal growth","volume":"26","author":"McMullen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2010-1116","article-title":"Fetal programming of gene expression in growth-restricted rats depends on the cause of low birth weight","volume":"152","author":"Nusken","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2014.139","article-title":"Diabetes-associated changes in the fetal insulin\/insulin-like growth factor system are organ specific in rats","volume":"77","author":"White","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2880273","article-title":"Functional alterations of type I insulin-like growth factor receptor in placenta of diabetic rats","volume":"288","author":"Louizeau","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2013.04.001","article-title":"Brain development in rodents and humans: Identifying benchmarks of maturation and vulnerability to injury across species","volume":"106\u2013107","author":"Semple","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-013-1104-y","article-title":"Hand in glove: Brain and skull in development and dysmorphogenesis","volume":"125","author":"Richtsmeier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)00086-6","article-title":"Timing of CNS cell generation: A programmed sequence of neuron and glial cell production from isolated murine cortical stem cells","volume":"28","author":"Qian","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Mennicke, C.V., Xiao, G., Beattie, R., Haider, M.A., Hippenmeyer, S., and Ghashghaei, H.T. (2020). Clonal Analysis of Gliogenesis in the Cerebral Cortex Reveals Stochastic Expansion of Glia and Cell Autonomous Responses to Egfr Dosage. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9122662"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2015.01.019","article-title":"Programmed cell death in neurodevelopment","volume":"32","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1177\/01926233211046933","article-title":"Comparative Milestones in Rodent and Human Postnatal Central Nervous System Development","volume":"49","author":"Zeiss","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2999","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.151043","article-title":"Myelination at a glance","volume":"127","author":"Snaidero","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadk8123","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adk8123","article-title":"Early IGF-1 receptor inhibition in mice mimics preterm human brain disorders and reveals a therapeutic target","volume":"10","author":"Potenzieri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2018.08.008","article-title":"Maternal Inflammation and Neurodevelopmental Programming: A Review of Preclinical Outcomes and Implications for Translational Psychiatry","volume":"85","author":"Gumusoglu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2022_308","article-title":"Sex Differences in Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Key Role for the Immune System","volume":"62","author":"Breach","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.11.010","article-title":"Gonadal hormones impart male-biased behavioral vulnerabilities to immune activation via microglial mitochondrial function","volume":"115","author":"Bordt","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.5607\/en.2018.27.5.321","article-title":"Sex-specific Behavioral Features of Rodent Models of Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"27","author":"Jeon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2016.03.056","article-title":"The role of Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) in brain development, maturation and neuroplasticity","volume":"325","author":"Dyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2012.06.002","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental effects of insulin-like growth factor signaling","volume":"33","author":"Ye","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5868","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.15.5868","article-title":"In situ autoradiography and ligand-dependent tyrosine kinase activity reveal insulin receptors and insulin-like growth factor I receptors in prepancreatic chicken embryos","volume":"86","author":"Girbau","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(92)90193-6","article-title":"Cellular pattern of type-I insulin-like growth factor receptor gene expression during maturation of the rat brain: Comparison with insulin-like growth factors I and II","volume":"46","author":"Bondy","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09362-8","article-title":"Microglia regulate GABAergic neurogenesis in prenatal human brain through IGF1","volume":"646","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rusin, D., Vahl Becirovic, L., Lyszczarz, G., Krueger, M., Benmamar-Badel, A., Vad Mathiesen, C., Sigurethardottir Schioth, E., Lykke Lambertsen, K., and Wlodarczyk, A. (2024). Microglia-Derived Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Is Critical for Neurodevelopment. Cells, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13020184"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10236","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.170008497","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor 1 regulates developing brain glucose metabolism","volume":"97","author":"Cheng","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.111.1.105","article-title":"Expression of IGF-I and -II mRNA in the brain and craniofacial region of the rat fetus","volume":"111","author":"Stahlbom","year":"1991","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2636","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-016-9849-7","article-title":"Insulin-Like Growth Factor-II\/Cation-Independent Mannose 6-Phosphate Receptor in Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"54","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2311","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3311","article-title":"Placental programming of anxiety in adulthood revealed by Igf2-null models","volume":"4","author":"Mikaelsson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1203\/01.PDR.0000156369.62787.96","article-title":"Early developmental changes in IGF-I, IGF-II, IGF binding protein-1, and IGF binding protein-3 concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid of children","volume":"58","author":"Bunn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0953-816X.2004.03320.x","article-title":"In vivo effects of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) on prenatal and early postnatal development of the central nervous system","volume":"19","author":"Popken","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(93)90173-O","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor I increases brain growth and central nervous system myelination in transgenic mice","volume":"10","author":"Carson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5484","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.137.12.8940375","article-title":"In vivo effects of insulin-like growth factor-I on the development of sensory pathways: Analysis of the primary somatic sensory cortex (S1) of transgenic mice","volume":"137","author":"Calikoglu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-3806(99)00024-3","article-title":"Increased insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) expression during early postnatal development differentially increases neuron number and growth in medullary nuclei of the mouse","volume":"114","author":"Dentremont","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.20288","article-title":"Astrocyte-specific overexpression of insulin-like growth factor-I promotes brain overgrowth and glial fibrillary acidic protein expression","volume":"78","author":"Ye","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3128","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.11.23.3128","article-title":"Mouse mutant embryos overexpressing IGF-II exhibit phenotypic features of the Beckwith-Wiedemann and Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndromes","volume":"11","author":"Eggenschwiler","year":"1997","journal-title":"Genes. Dev."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-3806(96)00492-0","article-title":"In vivo actions of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) on cerebellum development in transgenic mice: Evidence that IGF-I increases proliferation of granule cell progenitors","volume":"95","author":"Ye","year":"1996","journal-title":"Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(95)90216-3","article-title":"Igf1 gene disruption results in reduced brain size, CNS hypomyelination, and loss of hippocampal granule and striatal parvalbumin-containing neurons","volume":"14","author":"Beck","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6041","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-14-06041.2002","article-title":"Myelination is altered in insulin-like growth factor-I null mutant mice","volume":"22","author":"Ye","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.01.023","article-title":"The cerebrospinal fluid provides a proliferative niche for neural progenitor cells","volume":"69","author":"Lehtinen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_147","first-page":"59","article-title":"Mice carrying null mutations of the genes encoding insulin-like growth factor I (Igf-1) and type 1 IGF receptor (Igf1r)","volume":"75","author":"Liu","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2557","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.141.7.7550","article-title":"A targeted partial invalidation of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor gene in mice causes a postnatal growth deficit","volume":"141","author":"Holzenberger","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4469","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.142.10.8461","article-title":"Experimental IGF-I receptor deficiency generates a sexually dimorphic pattern of organ-specific growth deficits in mice, affecting fat tissue in particular","volume":"142","author":"Holzenberger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2821","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.22129","article-title":"Type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling is essential for the development of the hippocampal formation and dentate gyrus","volume":"87","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kappeler, L., De Magalhaes Filho, C., Dupont, J., Leneuve, P., Cervera, P., Perin, L., Loudes, C., Blaise, A., Klein, R., and Epelbaum, J. (2008). Brain IGF-1 receptors control mammalian growth and lifespan through a neuroendocrine mechanism. PLoS Biol., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0060254"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20469","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor signaling in the cells of oligodendrocyte lineage is required for normal in vivo oligodendrocyte development and myelination","volume":"55","author":"Zeger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4402109","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor signaling regulates zebrafish embryonic growth and development by promoting cell survival and cell cycle progression","volume":"14","author":"Schlueter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1700-08.2009","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor-1 promotes G1\/S cell cycle progression through bidirectional regulation of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors via the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase\/Akt pathway in developing rat cerebral cortex","volume":"29","author":"Tury","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10201","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3246-04.2004","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor-I accelerates the cell cycle by decreasing G1 phase length and increases cell cycle reentry in the embryonic cerebral cortex","volume":"24","author":"Hodge","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nieto-Est\u00e9vez, V., Defterali, \u00c7., and Vicario-Abej\u00f3n, C. (2016). IGF-I: A Key Growth Factor that Regulates Neurogenesis and Synaptogenesis from Embryonic to Adult Stages of the Brain. Front. Neurosci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00052"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2118","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-06-02118.1998","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor-I is a differentiation factor for postmitotic CNS stem cell-derived neuronal precursors: Distinct actions from those of brain-derived neurotrophic factor","volume":"18","author":"Arsenijevic","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7344","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.15-11-07344.1995","article-title":"In vivo actions of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) on brain myelination: Studies of IGF-I and IGF binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) transgenic mice","volume":"15","author":"Ye","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-05-01481.2001","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor-I overexpression attenuates cerebellar apoptosis by altering the expression of Bcl family proteins in a developmentally specific manner","volume":"21","author":"Chrysis","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-3806(99)00136-4","article-title":"Interactions between bcl-2 and the IGF system control apoptosis in the developing mouse brain","volume":"118","author":"Baker","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.1095","article-title":"IGF-II promotes stemness of neural restricted precursors","volume":"30","author":"Ziegler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2953","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.8.24.2953","article-title":"Loss of the imprinted IGF2\/cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor results in fetal overgrowth and perinatal lethality","volume":"8","author":"Lau","year":"1994","journal-title":"Genes. Dev."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e54781","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.54781","article-title":"A role for CIM6P\/IGF2 receptor in memory consolidation and enhancement","volume":"9","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1159\/000095957","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor delivery across the blood-brain barrier. Potential use of IGF-1 as a drug in child neurology","volume":"52","author":"Riikonen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chemotherapy"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e250002","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-25-0002","article-title":"Intronic IGF1R variant causing aberrant splicing, short stature, and neurological impairments","volume":"75","author":"Kerem","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105330","article-title":"The role of insulin\/IGF1 signalling in neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders\u2014Evidence from human neuronal cell models","volume":"153","author":"Rethelyi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2013.09.001","article-title":"Global transcriptional and translational repression in human-embryonic-stem-cell-derived Rett syndrome neurons","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad5487","article-title":"CLK2 inhibition ameliorates autistic features associated with SHANK3 deficiency","volume":"351","author":"Bidinosti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-183X.2012.00768.x","article-title":"Altered mTOR signaling and enhanced CYFIP2 expression levels in subjects with fragile X syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Hoeffer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genes. Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11288","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2284-05.2005","article-title":"Regulation of dendritic morphogenesis by Ras-PI3K-Akt-mTOR and Ras-MAPK signaling pathways","volume":"25","author":"Kumar","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/2040-2392-5-54","article-title":"A pilot controlled trial of insulin-like growth factor-1 in children with Phelan-McDermid syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Kolevzon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Autism"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9941","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1311685111","article-title":"Functional recovery with recombinant human IGF1 treatment in a mouse model of Rett Syndrome","volume":"111","author":"Castro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.01.001","article-title":"The therapeutic potential of insulin-like growth factor-1 in central nervous system disorders","volume":"63","author":"Costales","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s12017-015-8341-2","article-title":"NNZ-2566, a novel analog of (1-3) IGF-1, as a potential therapeutic agent for fragile X syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Deacon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuromolecular Med."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2010-17.2017","article-title":"Insulin-Like Growth Factor II Targets the mTOR Pathway to Reverse Autism-Like Phenotypes in Mice","volume":"38","author":"Steinmetz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2418","article-title":"CIM6P\/IGF-2 Receptor Ligands Reverse Deficits in Angelman Syndrome Model Mice","volume":"14","author":"Cruz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autism Res."},{"key":"ref_177","first-page":"270","article-title":"IGF1 neuronal response in the absence of MECP2 is dependent on TRalpha 3","volume":"26","author":"Carromeu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2968","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddu008","article-title":"Mutant astrocytes differentiated from Rett syndrome patients-specific iPSCs have adverse effects on wild-type neurons","volume":"23","author":"Williams","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marable, C.A., Roell, K., Kuban, K., O\u2019Shea, T.M., and Fry, R.C. (2022). Placental transcriptional signatures associated with cerebral white matter damage in the neonate. Front. Neurosci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.1017953"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-017-1718-6","article-title":"White matter injury in the preterm infant: Pathology and mechanisms","volume":"134","author":"Back","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2021.05.059","article-title":"Neonatal Cranial Ultrasound Findings among Infants Born Extremely Preterm: Associations with Neurodevelopmental Outcomes at 10 Years of Age","volume":"237","author":"Campbell","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2013.135","article-title":"Circulatory insulin-like growth factor-I and brain volumes in relation to neurodevelopmental outcome in very preterm infants","volume":"74","author":"Hovel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1677472","article-title":"Early Postnatal IGF-1 and IGFBP-1 Blood Levels in Extremely Preterm Infants: Relationships with Indicators of Placental Insufficiency and with Systemic Inflammation","volume":"36","author":"Leviton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.3545","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental and Behavioral Outcomes in Extremely Premature Neonates With Ventriculomegaly in the Absence of Periventricular-Intraventricular Hemorrhage","volume":"172","author":"Pappas","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2577243","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2025.2577243","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental outcomes in Intrauterine Growth-Restricted children\u2014An umbrella review","volume":"38","author":"Rao","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2025.110407","article-title":"Effect of fetal growth restriction on the development of regional brain volume and neurodevelopmental outcomes: Evidence from magnetic resonance imaging based on a fully automated segmentation method","volume":"121","author":"Kong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000001387","article-title":"Fetal Growth Trajectories Among Small for Gestational Age Babies and Child Neurodevelopment","volume":"32","author":"Ferguson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vollmer, B., and Edmonds, C.J. (2019). School Age Neurological and Cognitive Outcomes of Fetal Growth Retardation or Small for Gestational Age Birth Weight. Front. Endocrinol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00186"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-016-0178-5","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor axis in pregnancies affected by fetal growth disorders","volume":"8","author":"Nawathe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenet."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-45328-2_9","article-title":"Maternal Nutrient Restriction and Skeletal Muscle Development: Consequences for Postnatal Health","volume":"1265","author":"Sandoval","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2011.02336.x","article-title":"Placental IGF-I, IGFBP-1, zinc, and iron, and maternal and infant anthropometry at birth","volume":"100","author":"Akram","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-1332","article-title":"Intrauterine growth restriction in humans is associated with abnormalities in placental insulin-like growth factor signaling","volume":"146","author":"Laviola","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.5001","article-title":"Association of serum PAPP-A levels in first trimester with small for gestational age and adverse pregnancy outcomes: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Morris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_194","first-page":"798","article-title":"Insulin receptors in human placenta in relation to fetal weight and gestational age","volume":"15","author":"Potau","year":"1981","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI0210077","article-title":"Altered placental development and intrauterine growth restriction in IGF binding protein-1 transgenic mice","volume":"110","author":"Crossey","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-2667","article-title":"Activation of placental mTOR signaling and amino acid transporters in obese women giving birth to large babies","volume":"98","author":"Jansson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tumminia, A., Scalisi, N.M., Milluzzo, A., Ettore, G., Vigneri, R., and Sciacca, L. (2021). Maternal Diabetes Impairs Insulin and IGF-1 Receptor Expression and Signaling in Human Placenta. Front. Endocrinol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.621680"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Altmae, S., Segura, M.T., Esteban, F.J., Bartel, S., Brandi, P., Irmler, M., Beckers, J., Demmelmair, H., Lopez-Sabater, C., and Koletzko, B. (2017). Maternal Pre-Pregnancy Obesity Is Associated with Altered Placental Transcriptome. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169223"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioad156","article-title":"Maternal preconception stress produces sex-specific effects at the maternal:fetal interface to impact offspring development and phenotypic outcomesdagger","volume":"110","author":"Cisse","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.05.004","article-title":"Maternal distress associates with placental genes regulating fetal glucocorticoid exposure and IGF2: Role of obesity and sex","volume":"59","author":"Mina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9055","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1424-08.2008","article-title":"Sex-specific programming of offspring emotionality after stress early in pregnancy","volume":"28","author":"Mueller","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2024.12.048","article-title":"Prenatal stress alters mouse offspring dorsal striatal development and placental function in sex-specific ways","volume":"182","author":"Maurer","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kundu, S., Maurer, S.V., and Stevens, H.E. (2021). Future Horizons for Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Placental Mechanisms. Front. Pediatr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.653230"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2010.12.017","article-title":"Activation of the maternal immune system induces endocrine changes in the placenta via IL-6","volume":"25","author":"Hsiao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01205-0","article-title":"Altered offspring neurodevelopment in an arginine vasopressin preeclampsia model","volume":"11","author":"Gumusoglu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2020.02.003","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental Outcomes of Prenatal Preeclampsia Exposure","volume":"43","author":"Gumusoglu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2014.2645","article-title":"Preeclampsia, placental insufficiency, and autism spectrum disorder or developmental delay","volume":"169","author":"Walker","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Opichka, M.A., Rappelt, M.W., Gutterman, D.D., Grobe, J.L., and McIntosh, J.J. (2021). Vascular Dysfunction in Preeclampsia. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10113055"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174420000756","article-title":"Effects of maternal low-protein diet and spontaneous physical activity on the transcription of neurotrophic factors in the placenta and the brains of mothers and offspring rats","volume":"12","author":"Fragoso","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dev. Orig. Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_210","first-page":"e64760","article-title":"Mouse In Vivo Placental Targeted CRISPR Manipulation","volume":"194","author":"Carver","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2010.12.017","article-title":"Review: Genetic manipulation of the rodent placenta","volume":"32","author":"Renaud","year":"2011","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, C.C., Chang, J., Mi, T., Abbasi, S., Gu, D., Huang, L., Zhang, W., Kellems, R.E., Schwartz, R.J., and Xia, Y. (2012). Targeted expression of Cre recombinase provokes placental-specific DNA recombination in transgenic mice. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029236"},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1002\/dvg.20276","article-title":"Expression of Cre recombinase in early diploid trophoblast cells of the mouse placenta","volume":"45","author":"Wenzel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Genesis"},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.23644","article-title":"Nanoparticle-mediated transgene expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 in the growth restricted guinea pig placenta increases placenta nutrient transporter expression and fetal glucose concentrations","volume":"89","author":"Wilson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E668","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00320.2006","article-title":"Early treatment of the pregnant guinea pig with IGFs promotes placental transport and nutrient partitioning near term","volume":"292","author":"Owens","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199802000-00018","article-title":"Effects of chronic placental insufficiency on brain development in fetal sheep","volume":"43","author":"Mallard","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/63.11.1131","article-title":"Effects of exposure to chronic placental insufficiency on the postnatal brain and retina in sheep","volume":"63","author":"Duncan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1392-1","article-title":"Neuropathology in intrauterine growth restricted newborn piglets is associated with glial activation and proinflammatory status in the brain","volume":"16","author":"Wixey","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00686088","article-title":"Pathological reaction of astrocytes in perinatal brain injury. Immunohistochemical study","volume":"70","author":"Roessmann","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2013.188","article-title":"Astrocytes and microglia in acute cerebral injury underlying cerebral palsy associated with preterm birth","volume":"75","author":"Mallard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-025-01328-w","article-title":"Role of astrocytes in the pathogenesis of perinatal brain injury","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.21037\/tp-22-58","article-title":"A translational mouse model for investigation of the mechanism of preterm diffuse white matter injury","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.24474","article-title":"Key roles of glial cells in the encephalopathy of prematurity","volume":"72","author":"Bokobza","year":"2024","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rivera, H.M., Christiansen, K.J., and Sullivan, E.L. (2015). The role of maternal obesity in the risk of neuropsychiatric disorders. Front. Neurosci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2015.00194"},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2014.147","article-title":"Molecular underpinnings of prefrontal cortex development in rodents provide insights into the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"20","author":"Schubert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1038\/s41434-024-00508-3","article-title":"Placental nanoparticle-mediated IGF1 gene therapy corrects fetal growth restriction in a guinea pig model","volume":"32","author":"Davenport","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174423000016","article-title":"Placental nanoparticle gene therapy normalizes gene expression changes in the fetal liver associated with fetal growth restriction in a fetal sex-specific manner","volume":"14","author":"Wilson","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dev. Orig. Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn233","article-title":"What is spared by fetal brain-sparing? Fetal circulatory redistribution and behavioral problems in the general population","volume":"168","author":"Roza","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-021-01362-4","article-title":"Sexual dimorphisms in brain gene expression in the growth-restricted guinea pig can be modulated with intra-placental therapy","volume":"89","author":"Wilson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2023.08.015","article-title":"Developmental Disruptions of the Dorsal Striatum in Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"95","author":"Evans","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"gaae038","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gaae038","article-title":"Placental gene therapy in nonhuman primates: A pilot study of maternal, placental, and fetal response to non-viral, polymeric nanoparticle delivery of IGF1","volume":"30","author":"Wilson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Hum. Reprod."}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/15\/19\/1759\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T08:30:14Z","timestamp":1790584214000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/15\/19\/1759"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]]},"references-count":231,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["cells15191759"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells15191759","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]]}}}