{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T04:54:45Z","timestamp":1790916885911,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Region des Hauts de France, Universit\u00e9 de Technologie de Compi\u00e8gne","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04y5kwa70","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04y5kwa70","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"DOT Chair\u2014Disruptive Organoid Technologies against Metabolic Syndrome"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012945","name":"Cryorg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-22-CE52-0012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-22-CE52-0012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012945","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Union","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Reliable storage and distribution are important for developing ready-to-use encapsulated cell products for transplantation and bioartificial liver applications. This study evaluated the cryopreservation of alginate-encapsulated HepaRG cells using a programmable controlled-rate freezing (CRF) protocol at \u22120.3 \u00b0C\/min or conventional passive cooling at approximately \u22121 \u00b0C\/min. Five media were tested: four commercial xeno-free formulations, including two DMSO-containing and two DMSO-free media, and a conventional formulation containing 90% fetal bovine serum and 10% DMSO. Following thawing and a 3-day recovery period, metabolic activity, albumin secretion, ammonia and lactate clearance, and phase I and phase II biotransformation activities were assessed. Cryopreservation reduced metabolic activity relative to non-frozen controls, but key hepatic functions remained detectable. The tested CRF protocol generally yielded equal or higher functional values than conventional freezing. Medium performance varied according to the endpoint assessed. Within CRF, CryoStor CS10 produced relatively high mean PrestoBlue and albumin secretion values, whereas Cellvation produced the highest mean CYP1A1\/1A2 activity. These product-specific observations do not establish a general effect of DMSO. The findings support the short-term feasibility of the tested CRF protocol for this encapsulated HepaRG model but not broader clinical or drug-testing applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15191783","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T10:59:25Z","timestamp":1790765965000},"page":"1783","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative Evaluation of Freezing Protocols and Cryopreservation Media for the Preservation of Alginate Encapsulated HepaRG Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0047-5267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Meschini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR CNRS, BMBI, G\u00e9nie Biologique, Universit\u00e9 de Technologie de Compi\u00e8gne, F-60203 Compi\u00e8gne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5677-594X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Bartolucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5677-6906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulysse","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR CNRS, BMBI, G\u00e9nie Biologique, Universit\u00e9 de Technologie de Compi\u00e8gne, F-60203 Compi\u00e8gne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bej.2009.10.007","article-title":"Tissue transplantation by stealth\u2014Coherent alginate microcapsules for immunoisolation","volume":"48","author":"Leung","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kavand, A., Noverraz, F., and Gerber-Lemaire, S. (2024). Recent Advances in Alginate-Based Hydrogels for Cell Transplantation Applications. Pharmaceutics, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16040469"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.12.002","article-title":"Alginate microencapsulated human hepatocytes for the treatment of acute liver failure in children","volume":"72","author":"Dhawan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"910","article-title":"2D and 3D cell cultures\u2014A comparison of different types of cancer cell cultures","volume":"14","author":"Kolenda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kft021","article-title":"3D Organotypic Cultures of Human HepaRG Cells: A Tool for In Vitro Toxicity Studies","volume":"133","author":"Gunness","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2048","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-022-01147-0","article-title":"Three-dimensional (3D) liver cell models\u2014A tool for bridging the gap between animal studies and clinical trials when screening liver accumulation and toxicity of nanobiomaterials","volume":"12","author":"Tutty","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Deliv. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfx289","article-title":"Comparison of Hepatic 2D Sandwich Cultures and 3D Spheroids for Long-term Toxicity Applications: A Multicenter Study","volume":"162","author":"Bell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23490","DOI":"10.1038\/srep23490","article-title":"Combinatorial microenvironmental regulation of liver progenitor differentiation by Notch ligands, TGF\u03b2 and extracellular matrix","volume":"6","author":"Kaylan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.2887","article-title":"3D Spheroid Primary Human Hepatocytes for Prediction of Cytochrome P450 and Drug Transporter Induction","volume":"113","author":"Hammer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Siervi, S., and Turato, C. (2023). Liver Organoids as an In Vitro Model to Study Primary Liver Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054529"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1159\/000499453","article-title":"New Approaches to Cryopreservation of Cells, Tissues, and Organs","volume":"46","author":"Taylor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transfus. Med. Hemotherapy"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1159\/000327033","article-title":"Organ Preservation: Current Concepts and New Strategies for the Next Decade","volume":"38","author":"Guibert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transfus. Med. Hemother."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4827(72)90303-5","article-title":"A Two-Factor Hypothesis of Freezing Injury: Evidence from Chinese Hamster Tissue-Culture Cells","volume":"71","author":"Mazur","year":"1972","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.47.2.347","article-title":"Kinetics of Water Loss from Cells at Subzero Temperatures and the Likelihood of Intracellular Freezing","volume":"47","author":"Mazur","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Gen. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1089\/rej.2014.1656","article-title":"Cryoprotectant Toxicity: Facts, Issues, and Questions","volume":"18","author":"Best","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rejuvenation Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2524","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(93)81319-5","article-title":"Nucleation and growth of ice crystals inside cultured hepatocytes during freezing in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide","volume":"65","author":"Karlsson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.54680\/fr23210110112","article-title":"Cryopreservation of organoids","volume":"44","author":"Rogulska","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cryoletters"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2019.0262","article-title":"HepaRG Self-Assembled Spheroids in Alginate Beads Meet the Clinical Needs for Bioartificial Liver","volume":"26","author":"Pasqua","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3833","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612823666170609084016","article-title":"Alginate-Based Cell Microencapsulation for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine","volume":"23","author":"Pandolfi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Win, S.Y., Nittayacharn, P., Ngernmark, J., Chavalitsarot, M., Thedrattanawong, C., Sa-Ngiamsuntorn, K., Hongeng, S., and Nasongkla, N. (2025). In vitro and in vivo evaluation of immortalized hepatocyte encapsulated click-microbeads with RGD peptide for treatment of liver failure in male rats. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1629228"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussein, M., Pasqua, M., Pereira, U., Benzoubir, N., Duclos-Vall\u00e9e, J.-C., Dubart-Kupperschmitt, A., Legallais, C., and Messina, A. (2023). Microencapsulated Hepatocytes Differentiated from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: Optimizing 3D Culture for Tissue Engineering Applications. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12060865"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.3727\/000000003108747181","article-title":"Hypothermic Storage and Cryopreservation of Hepatocytes: The Protective Effect of Alginate Gel against Cell Damages","volume":"12","author":"Mahler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2018.05.016","article-title":"Advances in the Slow Freezing Cryopreservation of Microencapsulated Cells","volume":"281","author":"Gurruchaga","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.10612","article-title":"Effect of freezing and thawing rates on denaturation of proteins in aqueous solutions","volume":"82","author":"Cao","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abm1317","article-title":"Fetal Bovine Serum\u2014A Cell Culture Dilemma","volume":"375","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lohmann, M., Walenda, G., Hemeda, H., Joussen, S., Drescher, W., Jockenhoevel, S., Hutschenreuter, G., Zenke, M., and Wagner, W. (2012). Donor Age of Human Platelet Lysate Affects Proliferation and Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037839"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1942","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-29060-7","article-title":"Fetal bovine serum, an important factor affecting the reproducibility of cell experiments","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bmt.1705100","article-title":"Variation in Dimethyl Sulfoxide Use in Stem Cell Transplantation: A Survey of EBMT Centres","volume":"36","author":"Windrum","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2009.009860","article-title":"Transient Loss of Consciousness in Pediatric Recipients of Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)-Cryopreserved Peripheral Blood Stem Cells Independent of Morphine Co-medication","volume":"94","author":"Schlegel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2013.152","article-title":"Hematopoietic SCT with cryopreserved grafts: Adverse reactions after transplantation and cryoprotectant removal before infusion","volume":"49","author":"Shu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1994.417","article-title":"Acute Renal Failure in the Setting of Bone Marrow Transplantation","volume":"46","author":"Zager","year":"1994","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327111399325","article-title":"Effects of DMSO on Gene Expression in Human and Rat Hepatocytes","volume":"30","author":"Sumida","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.116.069831","article-title":"Contextualizing Hepatocyte Functionality of Cryopreserved HepaRG Cell Cultures","volume":"44","author":"Jackson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andres, S., Bartling, B., Stiensmeier, V., Starke, A., and Schmicke, M. (2023). Comparative cryopreservation of bovine and porcine primary hepatocytes. Front. Veter-Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1211135"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2024.105155","article-title":"Cryobiological aspects of upscaling cryopreservation for encapsulated liver cell therapies","volume":"117","author":"Brookshaw","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cryobiology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erro, E., Brookshaw, T., Fuller, B., Chandel, S., da Silva, J.M., Zotova, E., Chalmers, S.-A., Watt, A., and Selden, C. (2025). Evaluation of a single-use bioartificial liver (BAL) biocartridge consisting of cryopreservable alginate encapsulated liver cell spheroids as a component of HepatiCan\u2122, a novel bioartificial liver device. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1572254"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2009.03.005","article-title":"Cryopreservation based on freezing protocols for the long-term storage of microencapsulated myoblasts","volume":"30","author":"Murua","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2012.01.001","article-title":"Mathematical optimization of procedures for cryoprotectant equilibration using a toxicity cost function","volume":"64","author":"Benson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cryobiology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crook, J.M., and Ludwig, T.E. (2017). Stem Cell Banking: Concepts and Protocols, Methods in Molecular Biology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-6921-0"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0963689721999617","DOI":"10.1177\/0963689721999617","article-title":"Cryopreservation: An Overview of Principles and Cell-Specific Considerations","volume":"30","author":"Whaley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-9556(25)05659-4","article-title":"Ethoxyresorufin: Direct Fluorimetric Assay of a Microsomal O-Dealkylation Which Is Preferentially Inducible by 3-Methylcholanthrene","volume":"2","author":"Burke","year":"1974","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfs232","article-title":"Three-dimensional HepaRG Model as an Attractive Tool for Toxicity Testing","volume":"130","author":"Leite","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0731-7085(00)00491-X","article-title":"Determination of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase UGT1A6 activity in human and rat liver microsomes by HPLC with UV detection","volume":"25","author":"Hanioka","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tec.2013.0571","article-title":"GMP Cryopreservation of Large Volumes of Cells for Regenerative Medicine: Active Control of the Freezing Process","volume":"20","author":"Massie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part C Methods"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1515\/fzm-2025-0008","article-title":"Encapsulation for Efficient Cryopreservation","volume":"5","author":"Memon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Frigid Zone Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2014.09.003","article-title":"A scale down process for the development of large volume cryopreservation","volume":"69","author":"Kilbride","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cryobiology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tec.2010.0394","article-title":"Cryopreservation of Encapsulated Liver Spheroids for a Bioartificial Liver: Reducing Latent Cryoinjury Using an Ice Nucleating Agent","volume":"17","author":"Massie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part C Methods"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1007\/s11626-017-0201-y","article-title":"Best practices for cryopreserving, thawing, recovering, and assessing cells","volume":"53","author":"Baust","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vitr. Cell. Dev. Biol.\u2014Anim."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.3727\/000000007783464821","article-title":"Cryopreservation of Human Hepatocytes Alters the Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain Complex 1","volume":"16","author":"Najimi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s10863-018-9759-7","article-title":"Mitochondrial morphology and function impaired by dimethyl sulfoxide and dimethyl Formamide","volume":"50","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Bioenerg. Biomembr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dubois-Pot-Schneider, H., Aninat, C., Kattler, K., Fekir, K., Jarnouen, K., Cerec, V., Glaise, D., Salhab, A., Gasparoni, G., and Takashi, K. (2022). Transcriptional and Epigenetic Consequences of DMSO Treatment on HepaRG Cells. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11152298"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1089\/bio.2012.0015","article-title":"Incubation with Dimethyl Sulfoxide Prior to Cryopreservation Improves Functionality of Thawed Human Primary Hepatocytes","volume":"10","author":"Solanas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biopreservation Biobanking"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4641","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-40660-0","article-title":"DMSO Induces Drastic Changes in Human Cellular Processes and Epigenetic Landscape","volume":"9","author":"Verheijen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vitr. Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.21983","article-title":"Optimization of the cryopreservation and thawing protocol for human hepatocytes for use in cell transplantation","volume":"16","author":"Terry","year":"2010","journal-title":"Liver Transplant."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.2217\/rme-2019-0145","article-title":"Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A Central Player Since the Dawn of Cryobiology, is Efficacy Balanced by Toxicity?","volume":"15","author":"Awan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2006.12.003","article-title":"The Human Hepatoma HepaRG Cells: A Highly Differentiated Model for Studies of Liver Metabolism and Toxicity of Xenobiotics","volume":"168","author":"Guillouzo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem.-Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"141","article-title":"Effects of organic solvents on the activities of cytochrome P450 isoforms, UDP-dependent glucuronyl transferase, and phenol sulfotransferase in human hepatocytes","volume":"29","author":"Easterbrook","year":"2001","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/15\/19\/1783\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T04:24:57Z","timestamp":1790915097000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/15\/19\/1783"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["cells15191783"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells15191783","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]}}}