{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:00:22Z","timestamp":1792789222898,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding","award":["2025-PUMCH-A-115"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-PUMCH-A-115"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82402760"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82402760"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82572698"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82572698"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["82402760"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82402760"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["82572698"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82572698"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Peking Union Medical College Hospital","award":["ULJ11240"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ULJ11240"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04jztag35","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["ULJ11240"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ULJ11240"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04jztag35","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences","award":["2024-I2M-TS-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-I2M-TS-002"]}]},{"name":"CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences","award":["2025-I2M-XHJC-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-I2M-XHJC-002"]}]},{"name":"CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences","award":["2025-I2M-XHXX-020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-I2M-XHXX-020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["7254401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7254401"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission, Administrative Commission of Zhongguancun Science Park","award":["Z251100004625001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z251100004625001"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/034k14f91","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["Z251100004625001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z251100004625001"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/034k14f91","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The Strategic Research and Consulting Project of the Chinese Academy of Engineering","award":["2024-ZCQ-18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-ZCQ-18"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00z3yke57","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["2024-ZCQ-18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-ZCQ-18"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00z3yke57","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Independent Research Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Complex, Severe, and Rare Diseases","award":["2025-I-PY-006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-I-PY-006"]}]},{"name":"The Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, Peking Union Medical College","award":["3332025114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3332025114"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02drdmm93","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["3332025114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3332025114"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02drdmm93","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>TBX6-associated congenital scoliosis (TACS) is a genetic subtype of congenital scoliosis caused by reduced TBX6 gene dosage, most commonly through compound inheritance of a rare loss-of-function allele and a hypomorphic T-C-A haplotype. However, the mechanisms linking TBX6 dysfunction to impaired human skeletal development remain unclear. Here, we established a patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) model of TACS and recapitulated key stages of axial skeletal development through stepwise differentiation into paraxial mesoderm, nascent somites, sclerotome, and subsequently osteogenic and chondrogenic lineages. TACS-derived cells showed impaired differentiation, with reduced mineralized matrix deposition and diminished cartilage matrix formation. Bulk transcriptomic profiling revealed marked alterations in both lineages. Notably, mu-cin-type O-glycan biosynthesis was consistently enriched among downregulated genes in osteogenic and chondrogenic cells and was also significantly represented among genes commonly downregulated across both lineages. qRT-PCR further confirmed reduced expression of GALNT3, GALNT5, GALNT7, GALNT10, GCNT1, and ST6GALNAC2, which participate in distinct steps of mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis. Consistent with these transcriptional alterations, Tn-antigen staining showed reduced Tn-associated O-GalNAc signals in TACS-derived osteogenic and chondrogenic cells. In silico promoter analysis identified candidate sequences matching the TBX6-binding motif within the upstream regions of these genes, providing potential regulatory regions for future experimental investigation. Collectively, these results establish a human iPSC model for TACS and identify coordinated dysregulation of a mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis-related transcriptional program, accompanied by reduced Tn-associated O-GalNAc signals, as molecular features associated with impaired osteochondral differentiation in this model. These findings should be interpreted within the context of a single family-based iPSC model, and validation in additional TACS lines and isogenic TBX6-corrected models will be required.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15191785","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T14:19:37Z","timestamp":1790777977000},"page":"1785","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Patient-Derived iPSC Modeling Reveals Dysregulation of the Mucin-Type O-Glycan Biosynthesis-Related Transcriptional Program in TBX6-Associated Congenital Scoliosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Hao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Zhengye","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Shuang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stem Cell Facility, National Infrastructures for Translational Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5803-7223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Di","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Guozhuang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Jingyi","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8265-3724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhifa","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3129-5190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianguo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Zhihong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stem Cell Facility, National Infrastructures for Translational Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9429-2889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21665","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.21665","article-title":"Building a vertebra: Development of the amniote sclerotome","volume":"285","author":"Draga","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Morphol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1038\/35624","article-title":"Three neural tubes in mouse embryos with mutations in the T-box gene Tbx6","volume":"391","author":"Chapman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09729","article-title":"Tbx6-dependent Sox2 regulation determines neural or mesodermal fate in axial stem cells","volume":"470","author":"Takemoto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2018.07.001","article-title":"Tbx6 Induces Nascent Mesoderm from Pluripotent Stem Cells and Temporally Controls Cardiac versus Somite Lineage Diversification","volume":"23","author":"Sadahiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e33068","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.33068","article-title":"Ripply2 recruits proteasome complex for Tbx6 degradation to define segment border during murine somitogenesis","volume":"7","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-37745-w","article-title":"Ripply suppresses Tbx6 to induce dynamic-to-static conversion in somite segmentation","volume":"14","author":"Yabe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-024-00709-z","article-title":"Cellular and molecular control of vertebrate somitogenesis","volume":"25","author":"Miao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1406829","article-title":"TBX6 null variants and a common hypomorphic allele in congenital scoliosis","volume":"372","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.23168","article-title":"Compound Heterozygosity for Null Mutations and a Common Hypomorphic Risk Haplotype in TBX6 Causes Congenital Scoliosis","volume":"38","author":"Takeda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Mutat."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1038\/s41436-018-0377-x","article-title":"TBX6-associated congenital scoliosis (TACS) as a clinically distinguishable subtype of congenital scoliosis: Further evidence supporting the compound inheritance and TBX6 gene dosage model","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genet. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1136\/jmedgenet-2019-106333","article-title":"Increased TBX6 gene dosages induce congenital cervical vertebral malformations in humans and mice","volume":"57","author":"Ren","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45442-5","article-title":"Unraveling the genetic architecture of congenital vertebral malformation with reference to the developing spine","volume":"15","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-024-03471-9","article-title":"Preliminary study assessing the long-term surgical outcomes of TBX6-associated congenital scoliosis (TACS) patients using the propensity score matching method: Exploring the clinical implications of genetic discoveries in congenital scoliosis","volume":"20","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Orphanet J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e68925","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.68925","article-title":"Paraxial mesoderm organoids model development of human somites","volume":"11","author":"Budjan","year":"2022","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.01.040","article-title":"In Vivo Human Somitogenesis Guides Somite Development from hPSCs","volume":"18","author":"Xi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1093\/jbmr\/zjae178","article-title":"Modeling of skeletal development and diseases using human pluripotent stem cells","volume":"40","author":"Hojo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2026.103023","article-title":"From stem cells to somites: Revealing genetic and exogenous factors of human embryogenesis","volume":"21","author":"Lamers","year":"2026","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddy358","article-title":"TBX6 compound inheritance leads to congenital vertebral malformations in humans and mice","volume":"28","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1136\/jmedgenet-2018-105920","article-title":"Bi-allelic loss of function variants of TBX6 causes a spectrum of malformation of spine and rib including congenital scoliosis and spondylocostal dysostosis","volume":"56","author":"Otomo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.23907","article-title":"TBX6 missense variants expand the mutational spectrum in a non-Mendelian inheritance disease","volume":"41","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Mutat."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1885-9","article-title":"In vitro characterization of the human segmentation clock","volume":"580","author":"Wagner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2144-9","article-title":"Recapitulating the human segmentation clock with pluripotent stem cells","volume":"580","author":"Matsuda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0940-9602(11)80337-7","article-title":"From somites to vertebral column","volume":"174","author":"Christ","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann. Anat."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26584","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.555987","article-title":"Overexpression of Galnt3 in chondrocytes resulted in dwarfism due to the increase of mucin-type O-glycans and reduction of glycosaminoglycans","volume":"289","author":"Yoshida","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, Q., Qin, X., Moriishi, T., Fukuyama, R., Katsumata, S., Matsuzaki, H., Komori, H., Matsuo, Y., Sakane, C., and Ito, K. (2024). Runx2 Regulates Galnt3 and Fgf23 Expressions and Galnt3 Decelerates Osteoid Mineralization by Stabilizing Fgf23. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25042275"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e48885","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201948885","article-title":"O-glycan initiation directs distinct biological pathways and controls epithelial differentiation","volume":"21","author":"Bagdonaite","year":"2020","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7183","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.16148","article-title":"Global functions of O-glycosylation: Promises and challenges in O-glycobiology","volume":"288","author":"Wandall","year":"2021","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2015.02.003","article-title":"Proteoglycan form and function: A comprehensive nomenclature of proteoglycans","volume":"42","author":"Iozzo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Matrix Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klampfleuthner, F.A.M., Lotz, B., Renkawitz, T., Richter, W., and Diederichs, S. (2022). Stage-Dependent Activity and Pro-Chondrogenic Function of PI3K\/AKT during Cartilage Neogenesis from Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11192965"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"720","article-title":"Role of Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-\u03baB) in Growth Plate Chondrogenesis","volume":"13","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Endocrinol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11151","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11151","article-title":"mTORC1 regulates PTHrP to coordinate chondrocyte growth, proliferation and differentiation","volume":"7","author":"Yan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bonr.2018.02.006","article-title":"Activation of mTORC1 in chondrocytes does not affect proliferation or differentiation, but causes the resting zone of the growth plate to become disordered","volume":"8","author":"Newton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bone Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caron, M.M., Emans, P.J., Surtel, D.A., Cremers, A., Voncken, J.W., Welting, T.J., and van Rhijn, L.W. (2012). Activation of NF-\u03baB\/p65 facilitates early chondrogenic differentiation during endochondral ossification. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033467"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2024.06.016","article-title":"CRISPR-mediated Sox9 activation and RelA inhibition enhance cell therapy for osteoarthritis","volume":"32","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1007\/s13770-023-00548-7","article-title":"Thrombospondin-2 Couples Pressure-Promoted Chondrogenesis through NF-\u03baB Signaling","volume":"20","author":"Niu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-024-03861-2","article-title":"Rheb1 is required for limb growth through regulating chondrogenesis in growth plate","volume":"395","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2022.116507","article-title":"mTORC1 coordinates NF-\u03baB signaling pathway to promote chondrogenic differentiation of tendon cells in heterotopic ossification","volume":"163","author":"Fu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15545","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0506580102","article-title":"Gene set enrichment analysis: A knowledge-based approach for interpreting genome-wide expression profiles","volume":"102","author":"Subramanian","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09982-5","article-title":"CUT&Tag for efficient epigenomic profiling of small samples and single cells","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21856","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.21856","article-title":"An efficient targeted nuclease strategy for high-resolution mapping of DNA binding sites","volume":"6","author":"Skene","year":"2017","journal-title":"eLife"}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/15\/19\/1785\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T04:12:14Z","timestamp":1790914334000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/15\/19\/1785"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["cells15191785"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells15191785","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]}}}