{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T09:00:33Z","timestamp":1790845233109,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"SANOFI CORPORATION, Investigator Sponsored Research","award":["SGZ-2022-13782"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SGZ-2022-13782"]}]},{"award":["SGZ-2022-13782"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SGZ-2022-13782"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02gf2m037","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fabry disease (FD) is an X-linked lysosomal disorder caused by pathogenic variants in the GLA gene, resulting in \u03b1-galactosidase A deficiency and accumulation of Gb3\/lyso-Gb3 (globotriaosylceramide\/globotriaosylsphingosine) in cells, including podocytes and renal tubular cells. While podocyte damage drives glomerular dysfunction, tubular dysfunction leads to atrophy and fibrosis, often preceding a detectable decline in glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is a marker of renal injury, with urinary and plasma NGAL reflecting distinct aspects of renal dysfunction; however, their clinical value in Fabry nephropathy (FN) remains poorly defined. We explored the clinical relevance of NGAL in distinguishing tubular atrophy from glomerular podocytopathy. Thirty-three FD patients were categorized into groups without and with FN using eGFR. In males, elevated NGAL strongly correlated with FN. In females, urine NGAL was increased regardless of nephropathy status, while plasma NGAL rose mainly in those with reduced eGFR. This pattern suggests that tubular damage and early tubulointerstitial fibrosis (TIF) may precede glomerular impairment in female patients. Conclusions: Tubular damage may precede glomerular dysfunction in FD, and NGAL may serve as a sensitive biomarker of early tubular injury, including before overt nephropathy. NGAL may provide complementary, noninvasive tools for detecting and monitoring renal involvement in Fabry disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15191797","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T08:19:08Z","timestamp":1790842748000},"page":"1797","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["NGAL as a Biomarker of Tubular Injury and Glomerular Dysfunction in Fabry Nephropathy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6197-8606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarita M.","family":"Ivanova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lysosomal and Rare Disorders Research and Treatment Center, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Dao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lysosomal and Rare Disorders Research and Treatment Center, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Leah","family":"Svarny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lysosomal and Rare Disorders Research and Treatment Center, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lysosomal and Rare Disorders Research and Treatment Center, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Sahithi","family":"Ponnam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lysosomal and Rare Disorders Research and Treatment Center, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4758-6793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ozlem","family":"Goker-Alpan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lysosomal and Rare Disorders Research and Treatment Center, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-005-3239-8","article-title":"Fast fingerprinting by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry of urinary sediment glycosphingolipids in Fabry disease","volume":"382","author":"Touboul","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13382","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.7b03609","article-title":"Separation and Analysis of Lactosylceramide, Galabiosylceramide, and Globotriaosylceramide by LC-MS\/MS in Urine of Fabry Disease Patients","volume":"89","author":"Boutin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2006.05.027","article-title":"Sphingolipid metabolism diseases","volume":"1758","author":"Kolter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2168","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfp528","article-title":"Scoring system for renal pathology in Fabry disease: Report of the International Study Group of Fabry Nephropathy (ISGFN)","volume":"25","author":"Fogo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Izhar, R., Borriello, M., La Russa, A., Di Paola, R., De, A., Capasso, G., Ingrosso, D., Perna, A.F., and Simeoni, M. (2024). Fabry Disease in Women: Genetic Basis, Available Biomarkers, and Clinical Manifestations. Genes, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes15010037"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.3339\/ckd.25.035","article-title":"Kidney injury molecule-1 as a biomarker of diabetic kidney disease in children with type 1 diabetes: A systematic review and quantitative synthesis","volume":"30","author":"Christakopoulos","year":"2026","journal-title":"Child Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDonnell, T., S\u00f6derberg, M., Taal, M.W., Vuilleumier, N., and Kalra, P.A. (2025). Plasma and Urinary KIM-1 in Chronic Kidney Disease: Prognostic Value, Associations with Albuminuria, and Implications for Kidney Failure and Mortality. Am. J. Nephrol., 1\u201314.","DOI":"10.1159\/000547867"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1159\/000500570","article-title":"Evaluation of Beta 2-Microglobulin, Cystatin C, and Lipocalin-2 as Renal Biomarkers for Patients with Fabry Disease","volume":"143","author":"Braga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"110502","article-title":"Urinary biomarkers of diabetic kidney disease","volume":"17","author":"Santoro","year":"2026","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romejko, K., Markowska, M., and Niemczyk, S. (2023). The Review of Current Knowledge on Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL). Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241310470"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.146104","article-title":"Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) promotes calcium oxalate crystallization, growth, aggregation, adhesion to renal cells and invasion through extracellular matrix via its oxalate-binding capability","volume":"320","author":"Yoodee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1080\/00365510802150158","article-title":"Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL): A new marker of kidney disease","volume":"241","author":"Devarajan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Investig. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.3343\/alm.2018.38.6.524","article-title":"Plasma Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin as a Marker of Tubular Damage in Diabetic Nephropathy","volume":"38","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1159\/000368474","article-title":"Diagnostic and prognostic utility of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in patients with cardiovascular diseases-review","volume":"39","author":"Helanova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Kidney Blood Press. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2007040469","article-title":"The local and systemic inflammatory transcriptome after acute kidney injury","volume":"19","author":"Grigoryev","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1159\/000209379","article-title":"Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as an early biomarker of nephropathy in diabetic patients","volume":"32","author":"Bolignano","year":"2009","journal-title":"Kidney Blood Press. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Twumasi, S., Anto, E.O., Obirikorang, C., Ephraim, R.K.D., Sackey, B., Paintsil, V., Ansah, R.O., Effah, A., Ayirebi, A.A., and Opoku, A. (2025). Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and fibrinogen-to-albumin ratio are indicators of kidney disease in sickle cell disease patients with microalbuminuria: A multicentre case-control study in Ghana. BMC Nephrol., 26.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-025-04427-2"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19651","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-03646-9","article-title":"Serum neutrophil gelatinase associated Lipocalin as a novel biomarker for diagnosing acute pyelonephritis in adults","volume":"15","author":"ElNahal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-018-0507-4","article-title":"Increased NGAL level associated with iron store in chronic kidney disease with anemia","volume":"18","author":"Xiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ivanova, M.M., Dao, J., Slayeh, O.A., Friedman, A., and Goker-Alpan, O. (2023). Circulated TGF-beta1 and VEGF-A as Biomarkers for Fabry Disease-Associated Cardiomyopathy. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12162102"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ivanova, M.M., Dao, J., Friedman, A., Kasaci, N., and Goker-Alpan, O. (2025). Sex Differences in Circulating Inflammatory, Immune, and Tissue Growth Markers Associated with Fabry Disease-Related Cardiomyopathy. Cells, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14050322"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.12054","article-title":"Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin: Pathophysiology and clinical applications","volume":"207","author":"Singer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3390\/endocrines3020016","article-title":"Plasma or Urine Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL): Which Is Better at Detecting Chronic Kidney Damage in Type 2 Diabetes?","volume":"3","author":"Greco","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocrines"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfy357","article-title":"Age-related renal function decline in Fabry disease patients on enzyme replacement therapy: A longitudinal cohort study","volume":"34","author":"Madsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transpl."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"sfaf328","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfaf328","article-title":"Age-adapted versus age-independent eGFR thresholds to diagnose CKD: Integrating the debate and charting a balanced path forward","volume":"18","author":"Delanaye","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"419","article-title":"Ageing and the glomerular filtration rate: Truths and consequences","volume":"120","author":"Glassock","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Clin. Clim. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2025.02.025","article-title":"Age- and sex-specific reference values of estimated glomerular filtration rate for European adults","volume":"107","author":"Astley","year":"2025","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.4103\/ijn.IJN_167_18","article-title":"Direct Correlation between Age at Diagnosis and Severity of Nephropathy in Fabry Disease Patients","volume":"29","author":"Jaurretche","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1159\/000493469","article-title":"Glomerular Hyperfiltration: An Early Marker of Nephropathy in Fabry Disease","volume":"141","author":"Riccio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2025.109110","article-title":"The use and performance of lyso-Gb3 for the diagnosis and monitoring of Fabry disease: A systematic literature review","volume":"145","author":"Ramaswami","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Metab."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simonetta, I., Tuttolomondo, A., Daidone, M., and Pinto, A. (2020). Biomarkers in Anderson-Fabry Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21218080"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1007\/s10545-006-0484-8","article-title":"The Dutch Fabry cohort: Diversity of clinical manifestations and Gb3 levels","volume":"30","author":"Vedder","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Inherit. Metab. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rozenfeld, P., Feriozzi, S., and Braun, F. (2024). The role of tubular cells in the pathogenesis of Fabry nephropathy. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2024.1386042"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2002.00675.x","article-title":"Globotriaosylceramide accumulation in the Fabry kidney is cleared from multiple cell types after enzyme replacement therapy","volume":"62","author":"Thurberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"100804","article-title":"Comparative urinary globotriaosylceramide analysis by thin-layer chromatography-immunostaining and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in patients with Fabry disease","volume":"29","author":"Shiga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Metab. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.06090809","article-title":"Biomarkers of Fabry Disease Nephropathy","volume":"5","author":"Schiffmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/82.1.24","article-title":"Immunohistochemical Localization of Giycosphingolipid in Urinary Renal Tubular Cells in Fabry\u2019s Disease","volume":"82","author":"Chatterjee","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.1.365","article-title":"Infusion of alpha-galactosidase A reduces tissue globotriaosylceramide storage in patients with Fabry disease","volume":"97","author":"Schiffmann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2012.09.022","article-title":"Day-to-day variation of urinary NGAL and rational for creatinine correction","volume":"46","author":"Larsson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.11622\/smedj.2015003","article-title":"Normalisation of urinary biomarkers to creatinine for clinical practice and research\u2014When and why","volume":"56","author":"Tang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Singap. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levstek, T., Vujkovac, B., and Trebusak Podkrajsek, K. (2020). Biomarkers of Fabry Nephropathy: Review and Future Perspective. Genes, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes11091091"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, C.Y., Li, C.T., Lin, C.J., Shih, H.M., Liu, S.J., Sun, F.J., and Wu, C.J. (2025). Long-Term Enzyme Replacement Therapy and Renal Outcomes in Fabry Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Biomedicines, 13.","DOI":"10.37766\/inplasy2025.10.0029"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braga, M.C., Bacci, M., Fonseca, F.L.A., Martins, A.M., and D\u2019almeida, V. (2019). Sp083evaluation of Renal Biomarkers for Fabry Disease Patients with and Without Enzyme Replacement Therapy. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., 34.","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfz103.SP083"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2026.105131","article-title":"Wcn26-5550 Non-Traditional Kidney Biomarkers in Patients with Fabry Disease","volume":"11","author":"Meneses","year":"2026","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Rep."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Capelli, I., Martano, L., Berti, G.M., Vischini, G., Lerario, S., Donadio, V., Incensi, A., Aiello, V., Ciurli, F., and Fabbrizio, B. (2025). The Role of Kidney Biopsy in Fabry Disease. Biomedicines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13040767"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2010.484","article-title":"Progressive podocyte injury and globotriaosylceramide (GL-3) accumulation in young patients with Fabry disease","volume":"79","author":"Najafian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.20517\/jtgg.2024.38","article-title":"The underdiagnosed kidney burden of Fabry disease in females","volume":"8","author":"Chandramohan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Transl. Genet. Genom."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2019.08.033","article-title":"Should the definition of CKD be changed to include age-adapted GFR criteria? YES","volume":"97","author":"Glassock","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shimohata, H., Yamashita, M., Yamada, K., Hirayama, K., and Kobayashi, M. (2023). Treatment of Fabry Nephropathy: A Literature Review. Medicina, 59.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59081478"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2010.09.007","article-title":"Reduction of elevated plasma globotriaosylsphingosine in patients with classic Fabry disease following enzyme replacement therapy","volume":"1812","author":"Rombach","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5720","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddv291","article-title":"Lyso-Gb3 activates Notch1 in human podocytes","volume":"24","author":"Carpio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ivanova, M.M., Changsila, E., Iaonou, C., and Goker-Alpan, O. (2019). Impaired autophagic and mitochondrial functions are partially restored by ERT in Gaucher and Fabry diseases. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210617"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06905","article-title":"NF-kappaB links innate immunity to the hypoxic response through transcriptional regulation of HIF-1alpha","volume":"453","author":"Rius","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ozcan, S.G., Eren, N., Dincer, M.T., Atli, Z., Bolayirli, M., Ergul, M., Ozer, H., Turkmen, K., Trabulus, S., and Seyahi, N. (2025). The relationship between multiple plasma biomarker levels and renal disease activity in Fabry disease. BMC Nephrol., 26.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-025-04189-x"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rroji, M., Bob, F., Lo Cicero, L., Figurek, A., and Spasovski, G. (2026). Biomarkers in Diabetic Kidney Disease: Early Detection, Prognostic Assessment, and Integration with Multi-Omics Signatures. Life, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/life16071164"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alobaidi, S. (2025). Emerging Biomarkers and Advanced Diagnostics in Chronic Kidney Disease: Early Detection Through Multi-Omics and AI. Diagnostics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15101225"}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/15\/19\/1797\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T08:33:59Z","timestamp":1790843639000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/15\/19\/1797"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["cells15191797"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells15191797","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]}}}