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Mechanistically, tumorigenesis is driven by complex molecular and cellular mechanisms that enable malignant cells to evade current therapeutic interventions, thereby limiting treatment efficacy and contributing to disease progression. Despite extensive efforts to identify and target key molecular regulators and signaling pathways involved in cancer development, effective and durable treatments remain limited for many cancers, underscoring the need for novel treatment strategies. Consequently, diverse therapeutic strategies are being developed to overcome barriers to treatment response, improve clinical outcomes, and extend patient survival. Among emerging therapeutic targets, HSPs have attracted considerable attention because of their critical roles in maintaining proteostasis, promoting tumor cell survival, and facilitating resistance to therapy. In addition to stress adaptation, oxidative stress and hypoxia are key components of the tumor microenvironment that promote malignant progression through extensive crosstalk with oncogenic signaling pathways. Growing evidence indicates that these pathways are highly interconnected and collectively contribute to cancer metastasis and poor clinical outcomes. In this review, we explore the mechanistic interplay among HSPs, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and hypoxia across various cancers, highlight their potential as integrated therapeutic targets, and explore future strategies to develop more effective anticancer interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15191802","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T10:14:56Z","timestamp":1790936096000},"page":"1802","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hypoxia\u2013ROS\u2013HSP Triad Axis in Cancer: Mechanisms, Crosstalk, and Therapeutic Implications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2232-0350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manish Kumar","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyeong Rok","family":"Yun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4935-7312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jyotsna","family":"Ranbhise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunhee","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung Geun","family":"Yeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02453, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0419-9339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fu-Shi","family":"Quan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Zoology, Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, Core Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8678-156X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bonglee","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6817-7668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sung Soo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7117-1008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Insug","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2022","volume":"72","author":"Siegel","year":"2022","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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