{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T10:56:40Z","timestamp":1790938600819,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CervoMed, Inc."},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"US National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#R01AG080536"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#R01AG080536"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1\u03b2) is implicated as a molecular driver of cognitive decline in Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), potentially through activation of pro-inflammatory pathways within the neuron that impair synaptic function. Because pro-inflammatory IL-1\u03b2 signaling depends on p38\u03b1 kinase, the oral brain-penetrant p38\u03b1 inhibitor neflamapimod has the potential to reverse synaptic dysfunction and treat cognitive decline in these contexts. Neflamapimod has also shown positive effects in animal models and in clinical studies in AD and DLB. Herein we evaluated neflamapimod effects on pro-inflammatory IL-1\u03b2 signaling in vitro and in patients with AD or DLB. In human PBMCs, neflamapimod inhibited IL-1\u03b2-induced IL-6 and IL-8 production with EC50 values of 6.3 \u00b1 1.3 nM and 7.1 \u00b1 3.2 nM, respectively. In AD, six weeks of neflamapimod 40 mg BID treatment reduced CSF levels of IL-6 and IL-8, with maximal effects at trough drug concentration \u22654 ng\/mL (9 nM). In DLB, neflamapimod 40 mg TID increased the plasma A\u03b242\/40 ratio and reduced plasma GFAP levels, treatment effects consistent with reduced pro-inflammatory IL-1\u03b2 signaling. Collectively, these results support the hypothesis that inhibition of p38\u03b1-dependent IL-1\u03b2 signaling may beneficially modulate neuroinflammatory processes that otherwise are associated with cognitive decline in DLB, and potentially in AD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15191803","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T10:14:56Z","timestamp":1790936096000},"page":"1803","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Targeting Pro-Inflammatory Interleukin-1 Beta Signaling to Modulate Neuroinflammatory Processes Associated with Cognitive Decline in Dementia with Lewy Bodies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1285-1115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John J.","family":"Alam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CervoMed, Inc., Boston, MA 02116, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ursula A.","family":"Germann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CervoMed, Inc., Boston, MA 02116, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Maruff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cogstate, Ltd., Melbourne 3000, Australia"},{"name":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Research Group, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2598310","DOI":"10.1080\/17590914.2025.2598310","article-title":"Global Deficiency of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Risk Gene Il1rap Reduces Pathological Tau in a Mouse Model of Systemic Inflammation","volume":"17","author":"Dadras","year":"2025","journal-title":"ASN Neuro"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-024-01104-7","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer disease","volume":"25","author":"Heneka","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2014.12.020","article-title":"Immune dysregulation and cognitive vulnerability in the aging brain: Interactions of microglia, IL-1beta, BDNF and synaptic plasticity","volume":"96","author":"Patterson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-3-5","article-title":"Interleukin-1 mediates Alzheimer and Lewy body pathologies","volume":"3","author":"Griffin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5053","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4361-12.2013","article-title":"Sustained interleukin-1beta overexpression exacerbates tau pathology despite reduced amyloid burden in an Alzheimer\u2019s mouse model","volume":"33","author":"Ghosh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2008.10.002","article-title":"Interleukin-1 beta (C-511T) genetic polymorphism is associated with cognitive performance in elderly males without dementia","volume":"31","author":"Tsai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2005.01.013","article-title":"Association of interleukin-1 gene polymorphisms with dementia in a community-based sample: The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study","volume":"27","author":"Yucesoy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17714","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1253-12.2012","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor-dependent synaptic plasticity is suppressed by interleukin-1beta via p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase","volume":"32","author":"Tong","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E5078","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1514486112","article-title":"Synapse-specific IL-1 receptor subunit reconfiguration augments vulnerability to IL-1beta in the aged hippocampus","volume":"112","author":"Prieto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(98)00216-4","article-title":"Pathological and biochemical consequences of acute and chronic neuroinflammation within the basal forebrain cholinergic system of rats","volume":"88","author":"Willard","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(02)00839-4","article-title":"The selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor rofecoxib suppresses brain inflammation and protects cholinergic neurons from excitotoxic degeneration in vivo","volume":"117","author":"Scali","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fcac013","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcac013","article-title":"Longitudinal atrophy in prodromal dementia with Lewy bodies points to cholinergic degeneration","volume":"4","author":"Kantarci","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2024.2713","article-title":"MRI Signature of alpha-Synuclein Pathology in Asymptomatic Stages and a Memory Clinic Population","volume":"81","author":"Wisse","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-5-7","article-title":"The role of interleukin-1 in neuroinflammation and Alzheimer disease: An evolving perspective","volume":"5","author":"Shaftel","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1113\/EP090780","article-title":"Beyond an inflammatory mediator: Interleukin-1 in neurophysiology","volume":"108","author":"Lima","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia-Dominguez, M. (2025). Neuroinflammation: Mechanisms, Dual Roles, and Therapeutic Strategies in Neurological Disorders. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol., 47.","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb47060417"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18048","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4067-11.2011","article-title":"Neuron-specific effects of interleukin-1beta are mediated by a novel isoform of the IL-1 receptor accessory protein","volume":"31","author":"Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-024-03287-1","article-title":"Localization of brain neuronal IL-1R1 reveals specific neural circuitries responsive to immune signaling","volume":"21","author":"Nemeth","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-150277","article-title":"Selective Brain-Targeted Antagonism of p38 MAPKalpha Reduces Hippocampal IL-1beta Levels and Improves Morris Water Maze Performance in Aged Rats","volume":"48","author":"Alam","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5308","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32944-3","article-title":"Preclinical and randomized clinical evaluation of the p38alpha kinase inhibitor neflamapimod for basal forebrain cholinergic degeneration","volume":"13","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.549","article-title":"An exploratory clinical study of p38alpha kinase inhibition in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"5","author":"Scheltens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-021-00843-2","article-title":"A phase 2 double-blind placebo-controlled 24-week treatment clinical study of the p38 alpha kinase inhibitor neflamapimod in mild Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"13","author":"Prins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e108769","DOI":"10.1002\/alz70861_108769","article-title":"Effects of neflamapimod (p38\u03b1 kinase inhibitor) on clinical progression in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) without Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) Co-Pathology","volume":"21","author":"Honig","year":"2025","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2026.100617","article-title":"Results of the Phase 2b Trial of Neflamapimod in Dementia with Lewy Bodies. Abstract LB31, page 25, in 18th clinical trials on Alzheimer\u2019s disease (CTAD) conference, December 1\u20134, 2025, San Diego, CA (United States)-Conference proceedings-Oral communications","volume":"13","author":"Taylor","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Prev. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2026, August 12). CervoMed Announces Alignment with FDA on Registration Path for Neflamapimod in Dementia with Lewy Bodies, Press Release, November 4, 2025. Available online: https:\/\/ir.cervomed.com\/news-releases\/news-release-details\/cervomed-announces-alignment-fda-registration-path-neflamapimod."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2485","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13653","article-title":"Plasma biomarkers of Alzheimer\u2019s disease in the continuum of dementia with Lewy bodies","volume":"20","author":"Przybelski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1021\/ml2001455","article-title":"The Discovery of VX-745: A Novel and Selective p38alpha Kinase Inhibitor","volume":"2","author":"Duffy","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACS Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"273","article-title":"Neflamapimod: Clinical Phase 2b-Ready Oral Small Molecule Inhibitor of p38alpha to Reverse Synaptic Dysfunction in Early Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"4","author":"Alam","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Prev. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2011.01.015","article-title":"Inhibition of Wnt\/beta-catenin signaling by p38 MAP kinase inhibitors is explained by cross-reactivity with casein kinase Idelta\/varepsilon","volume":"18","author":"Verkaar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1990","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of kinase inhibitor selectivity","volume":"29","author":"Davis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145711000149","article-title":"Increased NF-kappaB signalling up-regulates BACE1 expression and its therapeutic potential in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-4580(96)00104-2","article-title":"In vivo and in vitro evidence supporting a role for the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 as a driving force in Alzheimer pathogenesis","volume":"17","author":"Sheng","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn053","article-title":"Interrelation of inflammation and APP in sIBM: IL-1 beta induces accumulation of beta-amyloid in skeletal muscle","volume":"131","author":"Schmidt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11729","article-title":"NLRP3 is activated in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and contributes to pathology in APP\/PS1 mice","volume":"493","author":"Heneka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2560","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-020-03121-z","article-title":"Mechanisms of NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation: Its Role in the Treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"45","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awae035","article-title":"Serum GFAP levels correlate with astrocyte reactivity, post-mortem brain atrophy and neurofibrillary tangles","volume":"147","author":"Pastor","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70987","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.70987","article-title":"Plasma P-tau217, GFAP, and NfL as biomarkers for Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Role in disease stratification, pathological progression, and cognitive decline","volume":"21","author":"Pan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6539","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1100620","article-title":"Blocking IL-1 signaling rescues cognition, attenuates tau pathology, and restores neuronal beta-catenin pathway function in an Alzheimer\u2019s disease model","volume":"187","author":"Kitazawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2067","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.695916","article-title":"Deficiency of Neuronal p38alpha MAPK Attenuates Amyloid Pathology in Alzheimer Disease Mouse and Cell Models through Facilitating Lysosomal Degradation of BACE1","volume":"291","author":"Schnoder","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21691","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202100017R","article-title":"P38alpha-MAPK phosphorylates Snapin and reduces Snapin-mediated BACE1 transportation in APP-transgenic mice","volume":"35","author":"Schnoder","year":"2021","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2516","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2016.1238555","article-title":"Targeting neuronal MAPK14\/p38alpha activity to modulate autophagy in the Alzheimer disease brain","volume":"12","author":"Alam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45306","DOI":"10.1038\/srep45306","article-title":"Neuronal p38alpha mediates synaptic and cognitive dysfunction in an Alzheimer\u2019s mouse model by controlling beta-amyloid production","volume":"7","author":"Colie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2015.10.009","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in Lewy body dementia","volume":"21","author":"Surendranathan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loveland, P.M., Yu, J.J., Churilov, L., Yassi, N., and Watson, R. (2023). Investigation of Inflammation in Lewy Body Dementia: A Systematic Scoping Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241512116"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2026.02.035","article-title":"Large-scale CSF and plasma proteomics reveal immune, synaptic, and extracellular matrix disruptions across neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"114","author":"Ali","year":"2026","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-023-02897-5","article-title":"Chronic neuroinflammation during aging leads to cholinergic neurodegeneration in the mouse medial septum","volume":"20","author":"Gamage","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12886","article-title":"IL-1beta\/IL-1R1 signaling induced by intranasal lipopolysaccharide infusion regulates alpha-Synuclein pathology in the olfactory bulb, substantia nigra and striatum","volume":"30","author":"Niu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15886","article-title":"IL-1beta\/IL-1R1 signaling is involved in the propagation of alpha-synuclein pathology of the gastrointestinal tract to the brain","volume":"166","author":"Muhammad","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7971","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0775-16.2016","article-title":"Reducing Endogenous alpha-Synuclein Mitigates the Degeneration of Selective Neuronal Populations in an Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Transgenic Mouse Model","volume":"36","author":"Spencer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-10-84","article-title":"Down\u2019s syndrome, neuroinflammation, and Alzheimer neuropathogenesis","volume":"10","author":"Wilcock","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-022-01676-x","article-title":"Role of alpha-synuclein in microglia: Autophagy and phagocytosis balance neuroinflammation in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"72","author":"Lv","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Alam J, G.U., Gomperts, S.N., and Taylor, J.-P. (2026, January 12\u201316). Plasma drug exposure-response relationship of neflamapimod in the Rewind_LB Trials in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies. Proceedings of the Alzheimers Association International Conference (AAIC), London, UK."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70117","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.70117","article-title":"Reactive Pleocytosis After Repeated Lumbar Puncture-Implications for Clinical Practice","volume":"32","author":"Schmidauer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.109436","article-title":"Lumbar puncture increases Alzheimer\u2019s disease biomarker levels in cerebrospinal fluid of rhesus monkeys","volume":"27","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"e12069","article-title":"The effect of lumbar puncture on the neurodegeneration biomarker neurofilament light in macaque monkeys","volume":"12","author":"Boehnke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement. Diagn. Assess. Dis. Monit."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-025-03625-x","article-title":"Inhibition of p38alpha MAPK increases short-term astrocyte reactivity: The exploratory VIP trial in early Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"22","author":"Gouilly","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2549","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2010.100265","article-title":"CX3CR1 deficiency alters microglial activation and reduces beta-amyloid deposition in two Alzheimer\u2019s disease mouse models","volume":"177","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ganguly, P., Macleod, T., Wong, C., Harland, M., and McGonagle, D. (2023). Revisiting p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPK) in Inflammatory Arthritis: A Narrative of the Emergence of MAPK-Activated Protein Kinase Inhibitors (MK2i). Pharmaceuticals, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16091286"}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/15\/19\/1803\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T10:17:52Z","timestamp":1790936272000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/15\/19\/1803"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["cells15191803"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells15191803","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]}}}