{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T15:55:37Z","timestamp":1791474937429,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":293,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Time-restricted feeding has emerged as a promising non-pharmacological intervention for the management of metabolic disorders, particularly type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications. Time-restricted feeding involves restricting food intake to a specific daily eating window while fasting for the remaining hours within 24 h. Furthermore, time-restricted feeding can be combined with specific dietary modifications to enhance its therapeutic benefits. Type 2 diabetes mellitus has been strongly linked to gut dysbiosis, adipose tissue dysfunction, chronic low-grade inflammation, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, and an increased risk of acute pancreatitis. Given the rising global prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, early intervention strategies are becoming increasingly important. Prediabetes, as an intermediate stage preceding type 2 diabetes mellitus, provides a critical opportunity to understand the mechanisms underlying disease progression and to develop effective preventive strategies. However, the effects of time-restricted feeding on gut dysbiosis, adipose tissue dysfunction, dysregulated inflammatory responses, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and the risk of acute pancreatitis at prediabetic state remain incompletely understood. Therefore, this review summarizes the current evidence regarding the therapeutic potential of time-restricted feeding in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its related complications, while highlighting areas that require further investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15191831","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T15:16:52Z","timestamp":1791472612000},"page":"1831","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Targeting Gut Microbiota, Inflammation, and Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Therapeutic Strategies and the Emerging Role of Time-Restricted Feeding"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3365-5623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sthembiso","family":"Msane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2246-0038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andile","family":"Khathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"4742","article-title":"The role of diet on gut microbiota composition","volume":"20","author":"Bibbo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. 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