{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T07:22:24Z","timestamp":1790234544275,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,15]],"date-time":"2019-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Autophagy is a highly- evolutionarily-conserved catabolic pathway activated by various cellular stresses. Recently, non-canonical autophagy (NCA), which does not require all of the ATG proteins to form autophagosome or autophagosome-like structures, has been found in various conditions. Moreover, mounting evidence has indicated that non-canonical LC3 lipidation (NCLL) may reflect NCA. We and others have reported that niclosamide (Nic), an anti-helminthic drug approved by the Food and Drug Administration, could induce canonical autophagy via a feedback downregulation of mTOR complex 1. In this study, we found that Nic could also induce NCLL, which is independent of the ULK1 complex and Beclin 1 complex, but dependent on ubiquitin-like conjugation systems. Although bafilomycin A1 and concanamycin A, two known V-ATPase inhibitors, significantly inhibited Nic-induced NCLL, Nic-induced NCLL was demonstrated to be independent of V-ATPase. In addition, the Golgi complex and vimentin were involved in Nic-induced NCLL, which might be a platform or membrane source for Nic-induced LC3-positive structures. These results would be helpful to broaden our understanding of the working mechanisms of Nic and evaluate its pharmacological activities in diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8030248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,18]],"date-time":"2019-03-18T04:06:55Z","timestamp":1552882015000},"page":"248","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Niclosamide Triggers Non-Canonical LC3 Lipidation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Yajun","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianqian","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueping","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihua","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peiqing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Ming","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pushpakom, S., Iorio, F., Eyers, P.A., Escott, K.J., Hopper, S., Wells, A., Doig, A., Guilliams, T., Latimer, J., and McNamee, C. 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