{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T09:03:57Z","timestamp":1770455037398,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,26]],"date-time":"2019-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1558828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HET85517"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HET85517"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Host immune responses play an important role in the outcome of infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV). They can lead to viral clearance and a positive outcome, or progression and severity of chronic disease. Extensive research in the past &gt;25 years into understanding the immune responses against HCV have still resulted in many unanswered questions implicating a role for unknown factors and events. In our earlier studies, we made a surprising discovery that peptides derived from structural and non-structural proteins of HCV have substantial amino acid sequence homologies with various proteins of adenoviruses and that immunizing mice with a non-replicating, non-recombinant adenovirus vector leads to induction of a robust cross-reactive cellular and humoral response against various HCV antigens. In this work, we further demonstrate antibody cross-reactivity between Ad and HCV in vivo. We also extend this observation to show that recombinant adenoviruses containing antigens from unrelated pathogens also possess the ability to induce cross-reactive immune responses against HCV antigens along with the induction of transgene antigen-specific immunity. This cross-reactive immunity can (a) accommodate the making of dual-pathogen vaccines, (b) play an important role in the natural course of HCV infection and (c) provide a plausible answer to many unexplained questions regarding immunity to HCV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8050507","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,26]],"date-time":"2019-05-26T23:07:27Z","timestamp":1558912047000},"page":"507","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Heterologous Immunity between Adenoviruses and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV): Recombinant Adenovirus Vaccine Vectors Containing Antigens from Unrelated Pathogens Induce Cross-Reactive Immunity Against HCV Antigens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1957-6371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Babita","family":"Agrawal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2S2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine &amp; Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2S2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Satish","family":"Vedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine &amp; Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2S2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6521-0998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shakti","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2S2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2S2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saurabh","family":"Garg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine &amp; Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2S2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2S2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rakesh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine &amp; Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2S2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26141","article-title":"Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection: New estimates of age-specific antibody to HCV seroprevalence","volume":"57","author":"Mohd","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70965-X","article-title":"Resistance to hepatitis C virus: Potential genetic and immunological determinants","volume":"15","author":"Mina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. 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