{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T19:54:01Z","timestamp":1768679641229,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,17]],"date-time":"2019-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1560729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital","award":["107TMU-SHH-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["107TMU-SHH-10"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 106-2314-B-038-069-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 106-2314-B-038-069-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vinyl chloride (VC) is a noninfective occupational risk factor. It is found in industrial chemicals, volatile organic compounds, cigarette smoke ingredients, etc. It is a kind of toxic gas that causes many diseases. VC exposure causes an increased risk of liver fibrosis and can result in angiosarcoma of the liver. Previous studies have shown that high-doses of VC exposure in mice resulted in acute death with marked tubular necrosis of the renal cortex. In this study, we assessed the nephrotoxicity of VC in vitro and in vivo. As a result, we demonstrated that VC induced fibrosis-associated protein expression, such as connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and collagen 1, and autophagy-associated protein expression, such as Beclin 1 and LC3-II, in kidney cells. The beclin1 siRNA experiments found that autophagy inhibited VC-induced fibrosis. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels were increased after VC treatment. Furthermore, VC caused glomerulosclerosis and tubular injury in mouse kidney tissues. Kidney tissue sections showed that VC induced fibrosis and autophagy in mouse kidney tissues. In summary, the results of VC-induced fibrosis suggest that autophagy plays an important role in kidney damage. VC may cause nephrotoxicity, and the results illustrate the importance of considering the toxicological hazards of VC in kidney cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8060601","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,17]],"date-time":"2019-06-17T11:24:45Z","timestamp":1560770685000},"page":"601","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Induction of Fibrosis and Autophagy in Kidney Cells by Vinyl Chloride"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Yung-Ho","family":"Hsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4651-5192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hsiao-Chi","family":"Chuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Public Health, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7660-3770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Hsuan","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Safety\/Hygiene &amp;Risk Management, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70430, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7861-5054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuh-Feng","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu-Jhe","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0633-8913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yung-Li","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mai-Szu","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5027-390X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui-Wen","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (1979). IARC monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans: Some monomers, plastics and synthetic elastomers, and acrolein. IARC Monogr Eval. Carcinog. Risk Chem. Hum., 19, 1\u2013513."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.65.762.224","article-title":"Toxic gases","volume":"65","author":"Matthews","year":"1989","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8627(20)30722-7","article-title":"Acute toxic inhalations","volume":"10","author":"Rorison","year":"1992","journal-title":"Emerg. Med. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2007.02.011","article-title":"Assessment of a groundwater contamination with vinyl chloride (VC) and precursor volatile organic compounds (VOC) by use of a geographical information system (GIS)","volume":"211","author":"Kistemann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wieczfinska, J., Kowalczyk, T., Sitarek, P., Skala, E., and Pawliczak, R. (2018). Analysis of Short-Term Smoking Effects in PBMC of Healthy Subjects-Preliminary Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15051021"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2016.6046","article-title":"Noninfective occupational risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma: A review (Review)","volume":"15","author":"Ledda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jom.0000137722.66767.38","article-title":"Liver fibrosis in asymptomatic polyvinyl chloride workers","volume":"46","author":"Hsiao","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"306","article-title":"Progression of vinyl chloride induced hepatic fibrosis to angiosarcoma of the liver","volume":"39","author":"Jones","year":"1982","journal-title":"Br. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.60.1.60","article-title":"Periportal fibrosis and other liver ultrasonography findings in vinyl chloride workers","volume":"60","author":"Maroni","year":"2003","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, N.C., Wann, S.R., Chang, H.T., Lin, S.L., Wang, J.S., and Guo, H.R. (2011). Arsenic, vinyl chloride, viral hepatitis, and hepatic angiosarcoma: A hospital-based study and review of literature in Taiwan. BMC Gastroenterol., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-11-142"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8141207","article-title":"Angiosarcoma of the liver: A signal lesion of vinyl chloride exposure","volume":"41","author":"Vianna","year":"1981","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.54.1.14","article-title":"Angiosarcoma of the liver in Great Britain in proximity to vinyl chloride sites","volume":"54","author":"Elliott","year":"1997","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.725","article-title":"Meta-analysis of studies of occupational exposure to vinyl chloride in relation to cancer mortality","volume":"29","author":"Boffetta","year":"2003","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.2486\/indhealth.2013-0044","article-title":"A vinyl chloride-exposed worker with an adrenal gland angiosarcoma: A case report","volume":"52","author":"Criscuolo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ind. Health"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.835261","article-title":"Toxicity of vinyl chloride and poly(vinyl chloride): A critical review","volume":"52","author":"Wagoner","year":"1983","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22299","article-title":"Coronary artery disease and cancer mortality in a cohort of workers exposed to vinyl chloride, carbon disulfide, rotating shift work, and o-toluidine at a chemical manufacturing plant","volume":"57","author":"Carreon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2016-104051","article-title":"Quantitative estimated exposure to vinyl chloride and risk of angiosarcoma of the liver and hepatocellular cancer in the US industry-wide vinyl chloride cohort: Mortality update through 2013","volume":"74","author":"Mundt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.10.012","article-title":"Association between urinary thiodiglycolic acid level and hepatic function or fibrosis index in school-aged children living near a petrochemical complex","volume":"244","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1590\/S0124-00642008000200004","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and other factors cardiovascular risk in workers of a plant of vinyl polychloride","volume":"10","author":"Sirit","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev. Salud. Publica. (Bogota)"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"131","article-title":"One-year time-sequence inhalation toxicity study of vinyl chloride in rats. II. Morphological changes in the respiratory tract, ceruminous glands, brain, kidneys, heart and spleen","volume":"13","author":"Feron","year":"1979","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-7258(96)00060-5","article-title":"Vinyl chloride mechanistic data and risk assessment: DNA reactivity and cross-species quantitative risk extrapolation","volume":"71","author":"Whysner","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.00108579","article-title":"Vinyl chloride: Still a cause for concern","volume":"108","author":"Kielhorn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7617211","article-title":"Biological effects of vinyl chloride: An experimental study","volume":"17","author":"Winell","year":"1976","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-014-0049-6","article-title":"Vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) induces high occurrence of neural tube defects in embryonic mouse brain during neurulation","volume":"34","author":"Quan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"516","article-title":"Oncogenic response of rat skin, lungs, and bones to vinyl chloride","volume":"31","author":"Viola","year":"1971","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ITC66","DOI":"10.7326\/AITC201711070","article-title":"Acute Kidney Injury","volume":"167","author":"Levey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2010.287","article-title":"Angiotensin II overcomes strain-dependent resistance of rapid CKD progression in a new remnant kidney mouse model","volume":"78","author":"Leelahavanichkul","year":"2010","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.11.014","article-title":"Suppressed mitochondrial biogenesis in folic acid-induced acute kidney injury and early fibrosis","volume":"224","author":"Stallons","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2009.289","article-title":"Dialysis-requiring acute renal failure increases the risk of progressive chronic kidney disease","volume":"76","author":"Lo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2008.11.034","article-title":"Long-term risk of mortality and other adverse outcomes after acute kidney injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"53","author":"Coca","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.772125","article-title":"Inhalation toxicity of vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"1977","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-016-1365-6","article-title":"Valproic acid attenuates renal fibrosis through the induction of autophagy","volume":"21","author":"Kawaoka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb0910-814","article-title":"Eaten alive: A history of macroautophagy","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2010070705","article-title":"Autophagy protects the proximal tubule from degeneration and acute ischemic injury","volume":"22","author":"Kimura","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.11.001","article-title":"Autophagy guards against cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury","volume":"180","author":"Takahashi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2010030238","article-title":"Heme oxygenase-1 inhibits renal tubular macroautophagy in acute kidney injury","volume":"21","author":"Bolisetty","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI39492","article-title":"Autophagy influences glomerular disease susceptibility and maintains podocyte homeostasis in aging mice","volume":"120","author":"Hartleben","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.19419","article-title":"Autophagy plays a critical role in kidney tubule maintenance, aging and ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1235","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00348.2010","article-title":"Hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) and autophagy in polycystic kidney disease (PKD)","volume":"300","author":"Belibi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2010.06.004","article-title":"The combination of sirolimus and rosiglitazone produces a renoprotective effect on diabetic kidney disease in rats","volume":"87","author":"Flaquer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.2337\/db08-0057","article-title":"Oxidative stress as a major culprit in kidney disease in diabetes","volume":"57","author":"Forbes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0907419","article-title":"Sirolimus and kidney growth in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease","volume":"363","author":"Serra","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2193","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2011020200","article-title":"Prorenin receptor is essential for podocyte autophagy and survival","volume":"22","author":"Riediger","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1097\/01.tp.0000287334.38933.e3","article-title":"Bcl-xL augmentation potentially reduces ischemia\/reperfusion induced proximal and distal tubular apoptosis and autophagy","volume":"84","author":"Chien","year":"2007","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2010-0352OC","article-title":"Carbon monoxide activates autophagy via mitochondrial reactive oxygen species formation","volume":"45","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.6767","article-title":"Autophagic proteins regulate cigarette smoke-induced apoptosis: Protective role of heme oxygenase-1","volume":"4","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2015.1058473","article-title":"Macrophage autophagy protects against liver fibrosis in mice","volume":"11","author":"Lodder","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2015.11.027","article-title":"Assessment of urinary thiodiglycolic acid exposure in school-aged children in the vicinity of a petrochemical complex in central Taiwan","volume":"150","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-0885-0","article-title":"Autophagic cell death restricts chromosomal instability during replicative crisis","volume":"565","author":"Nassour","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(20000115)85:2%3C223::AID-IJC12%3E3.0.CO;2-H","article-title":"Ras gene mutations in vinyl chloride-induced liver tumours are carcinogen-specific but vary with cell type and species","volume":"85","author":"Lefrancois","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s004200100244","article-title":"High prevalence of K-ras-2 mutations in hepatocellular carcinomas in workers exposed to vinyl chloride","volume":"74","author":"Weihrauch","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"1695","article-title":"p53 gene mutation pattern in rat liver tumors induced by vinyl chloride","volume":"57","author":"Barbin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/15.1.1","article-title":"p53 mutations at A:T base pairs in angiosarcomas of vinyl chloride-exposed factory workers","volume":"15","author":"Hollstein","year":"1994","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01830248","article-title":"Mutant c-Ki-ras p21 protein in chemical carcinogenesis in humans exposed to vinyl chloride","volume":"5","author":"Marion","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.500","article-title":"Chemical modulators of autophagy as biological probes and potential therapeutics","volume":"7","author":"Fleming","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2009.04.136","article-title":"The mTOR pathway is highly activated in diabetic nephropathy and rapamycin has a strong therapeutic potential","volume":"384","author":"Mori","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016091001","article-title":"Inhibition of Reticulon-1A-Mediated Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Early AKI Attenuates Renal Fibrosis Development","volume":"28","author":"Fan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32064-5","article-title":"Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"389","author":"Webster","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/8\/6\/601\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:58:59Z","timestamp":1760187539000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/8\/6\/601"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,17]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}},"alternative-id":["cells8060601"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells8060601","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,17]]}}}