{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T23:50:52Z","timestamp":1791589852723,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":152,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,2]],"date-time":"2019-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Galvani Bioelectronics","award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) have a complex, multifactorial pathophysiology with an unmet need for effective treatment. This calls for novel strategies to improve disease outcome and quality of life for patients. Increasing evidence suggests that autonomic nerves and neurotransmitters, as well as neuropeptides, modulate the intestinal immune system, and thereby regulate the intestinal inflammatory processes. Although the autonomic nervous system is classically divided in a sympathetic and parasympathetic branch, both play a pivotal role in the crosstalk with the immune system, with the enteric nervous system acting as a potential interface. Pilot clinical trials that employ vagus nerve stimulation to reduce inflammation are met with promising results. In this paper, we review current knowledge on the innervation of the gut, the potential of cholinergic and adrenergic systems to modulate intestinal immunity, and comment on ongoing developments in clinical trials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8070670","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,2]],"date-time":"2019-07-02T12:11:17Z","timestamp":1562069477000},"page":"670","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["Neuroimmune Interactions in the Gut and Their Significance for Intestinal Immunity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"David J.","family":"Brinkman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tytgat Institute for Intestinal and Liver Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 BK, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Catharina Hospital, 5623 EJ Eindhoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne S.","family":"ten Hove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tytgat Institute for Intestinal and Liver Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 BK, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margriet J.","family":"Vervoordeldonk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tytgat Institute for Intestinal and Liver Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 BK, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Galvani Bioelectronics, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Misha D.","family":"Luyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Catharina Hospital, 5623 EJ Eindhoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wouter J.","family":"de Jonge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tytgat Institute for Intestinal and Liver Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 BK, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of General, Visceral-, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.01.002","article-title":"Past and Future Burden of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Based on Modeling of Population-Based Data","volume":"156","author":"Coward","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24177","article-title":"Stimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors attenuates collagen-induced arthritis in mice","volume":"60","author":"Lebre","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.08.016","article-title":"The vagus nerve: A tonic inhibitory influence associated with inflammatory bowel disease in a murine model","volume":"131","author":"Ghia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meroni, E., Stakenborg, N., Gomez-Pinilla, P.J., De Hertogh, G., Goverse, G., Matteoli, G., Verheijden, S., and Boeckxstaens, G.E. 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