{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T04:10:10Z","timestamp":1791000610740,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,6]],"date-time":"2019-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31771582"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31771582"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31271445"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31271445"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003453","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017A030313131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017A030313131"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003453","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province of China","award":["2016A020215144"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016A020215144"]}]},{"name":"\u201cThousand, Hundred, and Ten\u201d Project of the Department of Education of Guangdong Province of China","award":["124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["124"]}]},{"name":"Basic and Applied Research Major Projects of Guangdong Province of China","award":["2017KZDXM035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017KZDXM035"]}]},{"name":"Colleges and Universities Innovation Project of Guangdong Province of China","award":["2016KTSCX041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016KTSCX041"]}]},{"name":"Colleges and Universities Innovation Project of Guangdong Province of China","award":["2016KTSCX042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016KTSCX042"]}]},{"name":"\u201cYang Fan\u201d Project of Guangdong Province of China","award":["Andy T. Y. Lau-2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Andy T. Y. Lau-2016"]}]},{"name":"\u201cYang Fan\u201d Project of Guangdong Province of China","award":["Yan-Ming Xu-2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Yan-Ming Xu-2015"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cadmium (Cd) is a widespread environmental pollutant and carcinogen. Although the exact mechanisms of Cd-induced carcinogenesis remain unclear, previous acute\/chronic Cd exposure studies have shown that Cd exerts its cytotoxic and carcinogenic effects through multiple mechanisms, including interference with the DNA repair system. However, the effects of post-chronic Cd exposure remain unknown. Here, we establish a unique post-chronic Cd-exposed human lung cell model (the \u201cCR0\u201d cells) and investigate the effects of post-chronic Cd exposure on the DNA repair system. We found that the CR0 cells retained Cd-resistant property even though it was grown in Cd-free culture medium for over a year. The CR0 cells had lasting DNA damage due to reduced DNA repair capacity and an aberrant DNA repair gene expression profile. A total of 12 DNA repair genes associated with post-chronic Cd exposure were identified, and they could be potential biomarkers for identifying post-chronic Cd exposure. Clinical database analysis suggests that some of the DNA repair genes play a role in lung cancer patients with different smoking histories. Generally, CR0 cells were more sensitive to chemotherapeutic (cisplatin, gemcitabine, and vinorelbine tartrate) and DNA damaging (H2O2) agents, which may represent a double-edged sword for cancer prevention and treatment. Overall, we demonstrated for the first time that the effects of post-chronic Cd exposure on human lung cells are long-lasting and different from that of acute and chronic exposures. Findings from our study unveiled a new perspective on Cd-induced carcinogenesis\u2014the post-chronic exposure of Cd. This study encourages the field of post-exposure research which is crucial but has long been ignored.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8080842","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,7]],"date-time":"2019-08-07T03:09:08Z","timestamp":1565147348000},"page":"842","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Lasting DNA Damage and Aberrant DNA Repair Gene Expression Profile Are Associated with Post-Chronic Cadmium Exposure in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5795-2449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heng Wee","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhan-Ling","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan-Dan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China"},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"GRIAC Research Institute, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2031-6312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hai-Ying","family":"Mo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiang","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China"},{"name":"Collaborative and Creative Center of Molecular Pathology and Personalized Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China"},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jen-Fu","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1124-0045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan-Ming","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China"},{"name":"Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China"},{"name":"Collaborative and Creative Center of Molecular Pathology and Personalized Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7146-7789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andy T. Y.","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China"},{"name":"Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China"},{"name":"Collaborative and Creative Center of Molecular Pathology and Personalized Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1104600","article-title":"Low-level environmental cadmium exposure is associated with DNA hypomethylation in Argentinean women","volume":"120","author":"Hossain","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. 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