{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:42:36Z","timestamp":1760240556499,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,10]],"date-time":"2019-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CL 459\/3-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CL 459\/3-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The study of congenital virus infections in humans requires suitable ex vivo platforms for the species-specific events during embryonal development. A prominent example for these infections is rubella virus (RV) which most commonly leads to defects in ear, heart, and eye development. We applied teratogenic RV to human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) followed by differentiation into cells of the three embryonic lineages (ecto-, meso-, and endoderm) as a cell culture model for blastocyst- and gastrulation-like stages. In the presence of RV, lineage-specific differentiation markers were expressed, indicating that lineage identity was maintained. However, portrait analysis of the transcriptomic expression signatures of all samples revealed that mock- and RV-infected endodermal cells were less related to each other than their ecto- and mesodermal counterparts. Markers for definitive endoderm were increased during RV infection. Profound alterations of the epigenetic landscape including the expression level of components of the chromatin remodeling complexes and an induction of type III interferons were found, especially after endodermal differentiation of RV-infected iPSCs. Moreover, the eye field transcription factors RAX and SIX3 and components of the gene set vasculogenesis were identified as dysregulated transcripts. Although iPSC morphology was maintained, the formation of embryoid bodies as three-dimensional cell aggregates and as such cellular adhesion capacity was impaired during RV infection. The correlation of the molecular alterations induced by RV during differentiation of iPSCs with the clinical signs of congenital rubella syndrome suggests mechanisms of viral impairment of human development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8080870","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,12]],"date-time":"2019-08-12T06:38:02Z","timestamp":1565591882000},"page":"870","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Teratogenic Rubella Virus Alters the Endodermal Differentiation Capacity of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Nicole C.","family":"Bilz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edith","family":"Willscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2242-4678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans","family":"Binder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janik","family":"B\u00f6hnke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5606-1297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megan L.","family":"Stanifer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schaller Research Group at CellNetworks, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denise","family":"H\u00fcbner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8614-4993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steeve","family":"Boulant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schaller Research Group at CellNetworks, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"},{"name":"Research Group \u201cCellular Polarity and Viral Infection\u201d (F140), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5129-0875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uwe G.","family":"Liebert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4962-6568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Claus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(75)80119-3","article-title":"Congenital rubella","volume":"87","author":"Dudgeon","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. 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