{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T11:55:07Z","timestamp":1775562907483,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,14]],"date-time":"2019-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["(A) (19H00965), (B) (16H05019)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(A) (19H00965), (B) (16H05019)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["26660216, 16K15028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26660216, 16K15028"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18F18081, 15F15401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18F18081, 15F15401"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGLYRPs) are a family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that are able to induce innate immune responses through their binding to peptidoglycan (PGN), lipopolysaccharide, or lipoteichoic acid, or by interacting with other PRR-ligands. Recently, progress has been made in understanding the immunobiology of PGLYRPs in human and mice, however, their functions in livestock animals have been less explored. In this study, we characterized the expression patterns of PGLYRPs in porcine intestinal epithelial (PIE) cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and their modulation by the interactions of host cells with PRR-ligands and non-viable immunomodulatory probiotics referred to as paraimmunobiotics. We demonstrated that PGLYRP-1, -2, -3, and -4 are expressed in PIE cells and APCs from Peyer\u2019s patches, being PGLYPR-3 and -4 levels higher than PGLYRP-1 and -2. We also showed that PGLYRPs expression in APCs and PIE cells can be modulated by different PRR agonists. By using knockdown PIE cells for TLR2, TLR4, NOD1, and NOD2, or the four PGLYRPs, we demonstrated that PGLYRPs expressions would be required for activation and functioning of TLR2, TLR4, NOD1, and NOD2 in porcine epitheliocytes, but PGLYRPs activation would be independent of those PRR expressions. Importantly, we reported for the first time that PGLYRPs expression can be differentially modulated by paraimmunobiotic bifidobacteria in a strain-dependent manner. These results provide evidence for the use of paraimmunobiotic bifidobacteria as an alternative for the improvement of resistance to intestinal infections or as therapeutic tools for the reduction of the severity of inflammatory damage in diseases in which a role of PGLYRPs-microbe interaction has been demonstrated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8080891","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,14]],"date-time":"2019-08-14T03:59:26Z","timestamp":1565755166000},"page":"891","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Paraimmunobiotic Bifidobacteria Modulate the Expression Patterns of Peptidoglycan Recognition Proteins in Porcine Intestinal Epitheliocytes and Antigen Presenting Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Hikaru","family":"Iida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan"},{"name":"Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masanori","family":"Tohno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Region Agricultural Research Centre, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Nasushiobara 29-2793, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1979-9652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Aminul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan"},{"name":"Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nana","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan"},{"name":"Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hisakazu","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan"},{"name":"Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Albarracin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan"},{"name":"Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli, (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman 4000, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"AKM Humayun","family":"Kober","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan"},{"name":"Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wakako","family":"Ikeda-Ohtsubo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan"},{"name":"Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshihito","family":"Suda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food, Agriculture and Environment, Miyagi University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hisashi","family":"Aso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan"},{"name":"Cell Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomonori","family":"Nochi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan"},{"name":"Infection Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ayako","family":"Miyazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Diseases and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Tsukuba 305-0853, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3899-9580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hirohide","family":"Uenishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Bioregulation Unit, Division of Animal Sciences, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noriyuki","family":"Iwabuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Science and Technology Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co. Ltd., Zama, Kanagawa 252-8583, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8512-9086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin-zhong","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Next Generation Science Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co. Ltd., Zama, Kanagawa 252-8583, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4941-4960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julio","family":"Villena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan"},{"name":"Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli, (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman 4000, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haruki","family":"Kitazawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan"},{"name":"Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2016.58","article-title":"Cellular and molecular regulation of innate inflammatory responses","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.136","article-title":"Peptidoglycan recognition by the innate immune system","volume":"18","author":"Wolf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34686","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M105566200","article-title":"Peptidoglycan recognition proteins: A novel family of four human innate immunity pattern recognition molecules","volume":"276","author":"Liu","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montano, A.M., Tsujino, F., Takahata, N., and Satta, Y. (2011). Evolutionary origin of peptidoglycan recognition proteins in vertebrate innate immune system. BMC Evol. Biol., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-11-79"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1620","article-title":"Peptidoglycan recognition proteins: Pleiotropic sensors and effectors of antimicrobial defences","volume":"5","author":"Royet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2006-7-8-232","article-title":"The peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs)","volume":"7","author":"Dziarski","year":"2006","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1177\/1753425910366059","article-title":"Review: Mammalian peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) in innate immunity","volume":"16","author":"Dziarski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Innate Immun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2004.01.003","article-title":"Murine peptidoglycan recognition proteins PglyrpIalpha and PglyrpIbeta are encoded in the epidermal differentiation complex and are expressed in epidermal and hematopoietic tissues","volume":"83","author":"Mathur","year":"2004","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1006\/cyto.2000.0800","article-title":"The cloning of a rat peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) and its induction in brain by sleep deprivation","volume":"13","author":"Rehman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19658","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M200659200","article-title":"Isolation, characterization, and antimicrobial properties of bovine oligosaccharide-binding protein. A microbicidal granule protein of eosinophils and neutrophils","volume":"277","author":"Tydell","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12460","article-title":"Peptidoglycan recognition protein-peptidoglycan complexes increase monocyte\/macrophage activation and enhance the inflammatory response","volume":"145","author":"Marzi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20738","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M601017200","article-title":"Differential expression of peptidoglycan recognition protein 2 in the skin and liver requires different transcription factors","volume":"281","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5895","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M511631200","article-title":"Peptidoglycan recognition proteins are a new class of human bactericidal proteins","volume":"281","author":"Lu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7133","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.11.7133-7141.2005","article-title":"Gene silencing and overexpression of porcine peptidoglycan recognition protein long isoforms: Involvement in beta-defensin-1 expression","volume":"73","author":"Sang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2011.05.026","article-title":"Molecular cloning, tissue expression, and subcellular localization of porcine peptidoglycan recognition proteins 3 and 4","volume":"143","author":"Ueda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2009.08.009","article-title":"Immune responses to the microbiota at the intestinal mucosal surface","volume":"31","author":"Duerkop","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3089","article-title":"Peptidoglycan recognition proteins: Modulators of the microbiome and inflammation","volume":"11","author":"Royet","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2011.10.013","article-title":"Peptidoglycan recognition protein 3 (PglyRP3) has an anti-inflammatory role in intestinal epithelial cells","volume":"217","author":"Zenhom","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2010.07.005","article-title":"Peptidoglycan recognition proteins protect mice from experimental colitis by promoting normal gut flora and preventing induction of interferon-gamma","volume":"8","author":"Saha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dziarski, R., Park, S.Y., Des Kashyap, R., Dowd, S.E., and Gupta, D. (2016). Pglyrp-Regulated Gut Microflora Prevotella falsenii, Parabacteroides distasonis and Bacteroides eggerthii Enhance and Alistipes finegoldii Attenuates Colitis in Mice. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146162"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vivarelli, S., Salemi, R., Candido, S., Falzone, L., Santagati, M., Stefani, S., Torino, F., Banna, G.L., Tonini, G., and Libra, M. (2019). Gut Microbiota and Cancer: From Pathogenesis to Therapy. Cancers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11010038"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"3126280","article-title":"Synergic Interaction of Rifaximin and Mutaflor (Escherichia coli Nissle 1917) in the Treatment of Acetic Acid-Induced Colitis in Rats","volume":"2016","author":"Warzecha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Res Pract."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3480","article-title":"Through the wall: Extracellular vesicles in Gram-positive bacteria, mycobacteria and fungi","volume":"18","author":"Brown","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.34.1352","article-title":"Oral Administration of Bifidobacterium longum Ameliorates Influenza Virus Infection in Mice","volume":"34","author":"Iwabuchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01318","article-title":"Preventive Effect of a Synbiotic Combination of Galacto- and Fructooligosaccharides Mixture with Bifidobacterium breve M-16V in a Model of Multiple Rotavirus Infections","volume":"9","author":"Knipping","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-017-0340-5","article-title":"Bifidobacterium mixture (B. longum BB536, B. infantis M-63, B. breve M-16V) treatment in children with seasonal allergic rhinitis and intermittent asthma","volume":"43","author":"Indolfi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ital. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01303","article-title":"Dietary Intervention with \u03b2-Lactoglobulin-Derived Peptides and a Specific Mixture of Fructo-Oligosaccharides and Bifidobacterium breve M-16V Facilitates the Prevention of Whey-Induced Allergy in Mice by Supporting a Tolerance-Prone Immune Environment","volume":"8","author":"Kostadinova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2015.0035","article-title":"Bifidobacterium breve prevents necrotising enterocolitis by suppressing inflammatory responses in a preterm rat model","volume":"7","author":"Satoh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomosada, Y., Villena, J., Murata, K., Chiba, E., Shimazu, T., Aso, H., Iwabuchi, N., Xiao, J.Z., Saito, T., and Kitazawa, H. (2013). Immunoregulatory effect of bifidobacteria strains in porcine intestinal epithelial cells through modulation of ubiquitin-editing enzyme A20 expression. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059259"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2008.112797","article-title":"The MIQE guidelines: Minimum information for publication of quantitative real-time PCR experiments","volume":"55","author":"Bustin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nygard, A.-B., Jorgensen, C.B., Cirera, S., and Fredholm, M. (2007). Selection of reference genes for gene expression studies in pig tissues using SYBR green qPCR. BMC Mol. Biol., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2199-8-67"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsukida, K., Takahashi, T., lida, H., Kanmani, P., Suda, Y., Nochi, T., Ohwada, S., Aso, H., Ohkawara, S., and Makino, S. (2016). Immunoregulatory effects triggered by immunobiotic Lactobacillus jensenii TL2937 strain involve efficient phagocytosis in porcine antigen presenting cells. BMC Immunol., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12865-016-0160-1"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00512","article-title":"Modulation of Intestinal TLR4-Inflammatory Signaling Pathways by Probiotic Microorganisms: Lessons Learned from Lactobacillus jensenii TL2937","volume":"4","author":"Villena","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.05729-11","article-title":"Immunobiotic Lactobacillus jensenii elicits anti-inflammatory activity in porcine intestinal epithelial cells by modulating negative regulators of the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway","volume":"80","author":"Shimazu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2011.00837.x","article-title":"Toll-like receptor-2-activating bifidobacteria strains differentially regulate inflammatory cytokines in the porcine intestinal epithelial cell culture system: Finding new anti-inflammatory immunobiotics","volume":"63","author":"Fujie","year":"2011","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2014.10.027","article-title":"The toll-like receptor family protein RP105\/MD1 complex is involved in the immunoregulatory effect of exopolysaccharides from Lactobacillus plantarum N14","volume":"64","author":"Murofushi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00199-12","article-title":"Immunobiotic Lactobacillus jensenii modulates the Toll-like receptor 4-induced inflammatory response via negative regulation in porcine antigen-presenting cells","volume":"19","author":"Villena","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00057","article-title":"Transcriptomic Analysis of the Innate Antiviral Immune Response in Porcine Intestinal Epithelial Cells: Influence of Immunobiotic Lactobacilli","volume":"8","author":"Albarracin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2015.12.003","article-title":"Progress in the use of swine in developmental immunology of B and T lymphocytes","volume":"58","author":"Sinkora","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2014.09.004","article-title":"Evidence for a common mucosal immune system in the pig","volume":"66","author":"Wilson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2015.07.724","article-title":"Recent investigations into pig antigen and anti-pig antibody expression","volume":"23","author":"Byrne","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00335-014-9549-4","article-title":"Current transcriptomics in pig immunity research","volume":"26","author":"Schroyen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mamm. Genome"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2004.00500.x","article-title":"Chemically synthesized pathogen-associated molecular patterns increase the expression of peptidoglycan recognition proteins via toll-like receptors, NOD1 and NOD2 in human oral epithelial cells","volume":"7","author":"Uehara","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2016.0095","article-title":"Modulation of porcine intestinal epitheliocytes immunetranscriptome response by Lactobacillus jensenii TL2937","volume":"7","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2015.115","article-title":"Bifidobacterium breve alters immune function and ameliorates DSS-induced inflammation in weanling rats","volume":"78","author":"Izumi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39344","DOI":"10.1038\/srep39344","article-title":"PGRP negatively regulates NOD-mediated cytokine production in rainbow trout liver cells","volume":"6","author":"Jang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Langer, M., Girton, A.W., Popescu, N.I., Burgett, T., Metcalf, J.P., and Coggeshall, K.M. (2013). Neither Lys- and DAP-type peptidoglycans stimulate mouse or human innate immune cells via Toll-like receptor 2. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193207"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1258\/ebm.2011.011358","article-title":"Oxidative stress and redox signaling mechanisms of inflammatory bowel disease: Updated experimental and clinical evidence","volume":"237","author":"Zhu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.09.017","article-title":"Microbiota-Derived Lactate Activates Production of Reactive Oxygen Species by the Intestinal NADPH Oxidase Nox and Shortens Drosophila Lifespan","volume":"49","author":"Iatsenko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G26","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00070.2017","article-title":"Absence of the NOD2 protein renders epithelia more susceptible to barrier dysfunction due to mitochondrial dysfunction","volume":"313","author":"Saxena","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/8\/8\/891\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:10:53Z","timestamp":1760188253000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/8\/8\/891"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,14]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]}},"alternative-id":["cells8080891"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells8080891","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,14]]}}}