{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T12:42:48Z","timestamp":1782564168995,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,16]],"date-time":"2019-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a highly heritable and prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder that frequently persists into adulthood. Strong evidence from genetic studies indicates that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) harboured in the ADGRL3 (LPHN3), SNAP25, FGF1, DRD4, and SLC6A2 genes are associated with ADHD. We genotyped 26 SNPs harboured in genes previously reported to be associated with ADHD and evaluated their potential association in 386 individuals belonging to 113 nuclear families from a Caribbean community in Barranquilla, Colombia, using family-based association tests. SNPs rs362990-SNAP25 (T allele; p = 2.46 \u00d7 10\u22124), rs2282794-FGF1 (A allele; p = 1.33 \u00d7 10\u22122), rs2122642-ADGRL3 (C allele, p = 3.5 \u00d7 10\u22122), and ADGRL3 haplotype CCC (markers rs1565902-rs10001410-rs2122642, OR = 1.74, Ppermuted = 0.021) were significantly associated with ADHD. Our results confirm the susceptibility to ADHD conferred by SNAP25, FGF1, and ADGRL3 variants in a community with a significant African American component, and provide evidence supporting the existence of specific patterns of genetic stratification underpinning the susceptibility to ADHD. Knowledge of population genetics is crucial to define risk and predict susceptibility to disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8080907","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,19]],"date-time":"2019-08-19T06:10:14Z","timestamp":1566195014000},"page":"907","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Genetic Variation Underpinning ADHD Risk in a Caribbean Community"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8702-626X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro J.","family":"Puentes-Rozo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Neurociencias del Caribe, Unidad de Neurociencias Cognitivas, Universidad Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia"},{"name":"Grupo de Neurociencias del Caribe, Universidad del Atl\u00e1ntico, Barranquilla 080007, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7330-6356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johan E.","family":"Acosta-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Neurociencias del Caribe, Unidad de Neurociencias Cognitivas, Universidad Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha L.","family":"Cervantes-Henr\u00edquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Neurociencias del Caribe, Unidad de Neurociencias Cognitivas, Universidad Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia"},{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n de Ingenier\u00edas, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha L.","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Banfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Neurociencias del Caribe, Unidad de Neurociencias Cognitivas, Universidad Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7791-161X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elsy","family":"Mejia-Segura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Neurociencias del Caribe, Unidad de Neurociencias Cognitivas, Universidad Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Neurociencias del Caribe, Unidad de Neurociencias Cognitivas, Universidad Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco E.","family":"Anaya-Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Gen\u00e9tica, Laboratorio de Gen\u00e9tica y Biolog\u00eda Molecular, Universidad Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7443-3982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Acosta-Hoyos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Gen\u00e9tica, Laboratorio de Gen\u00e9tica y Biolog\u00eda Molecular, Universidad Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guisselle A.","family":"Garc\u00eda-Llin\u00e1s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n de Ingenier\u00edas, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio A.","family":"Mastronardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INPAC Research Group, Fundaci\u00f3n Universitaria Sanitas, Bogot\u00e1 110211, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Pineda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Research Group, University of Antioquia, Medell\u00edn 050010, Colombia"},{"name":"Neuropsychology and Conduct Research Group, University of San Buenaventura, Medell\u00edn 050010, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F. Xavier","family":"Castellanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hassenfeld Children\u2019s Hospital at NYU Langone, New York, NY 10016, USA"},{"name":"Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauricio","family":"Arcos-Burgos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Psiquiatr\u00eda (GIPSI), Departamento de Psiquiatr\u00eda, Instituto de Investigaciones M\u00e9dicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medell\u00edn 050010, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3146-7899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge I.","family":"V\u00e9lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n de Ingenier\u00edas, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1439","article-title":"Increasing prevalence of parent-reported attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder among children\u2014United States, 2003 and 2007","volume":"59","author":"Visser","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mortal. 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